Lead and Antimony Removal from Contaminated Soil by Phytoremediation Combined with an Immobilization Material

Abstract

Phytoextraction (PE) requires long periods for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soil, even when using a hyperaccumulator. Thus, we designed a new phytoremediation technique called phytosuction separation (PS-S), in which a material that immobilized heavy metals was placed onto contaminated soil and plants were grown on the upper layer of this material. Heavy metals in the soil were transported toward the upper layer by the water suction effect of the roots and immobilized by the material and then…