Layer structured LDH_ZnPcG4-FA nanoplatform for targeted and imaging guided chemo-photodynamic therapy mediated by 650 nm light

Fusiform-Like Copper(II)-Based Metal–Organic Framework through Relief Hypoxia and GSH-Depletion Co-Enhanced Starvation and Chemodynamic Synergetic Cancer Therapy

“…Reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly including 1 O 2 , • OH, H 2 O 2 , and a superoxide anion (O 2 •– ), play an essential role in modulating various physiological functions in the body. − Once the concentrations of ROS reach a high level at a given location in living organisms, they can give rise to damage to proteins, membranes, and DNA in cells because of their strong oxidizing properties. Therefore, the utilization of ROS favors many disease treatments in vivo , such as antitumor treatments, skin diseases, and some bacterial infections. − Among ROS-induced antitumor models, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been widely investigated in clinical research. − However, the therapeutic efficacies of PDT are severely restricted by the depth of the excitation light, a high level of glutathione (GSH), and hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment. To overcome these urgent issues, Fenton reaction-based chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has been universally utilized for antitumor treatment without laser irradiation in the hypoxic environment.…”

Layered double hydroxide-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications

“…Based on the large specific surface area and adjustable interlayer spacing of LDHs, high-efficiency loading of drug molecules can be achieved through various methods such as ion exchange, co-precipitation and physical adsorption. Intercalation of drugs into LDHs confers a number of advantages when compared to free drugs: (1) LDHs can protect drug molecules from the influence of the complex physiological environment to prevent or slow their degradation and the loss of efficacy; 173 (2) the hydroxyl groups on the LDHs layers can interact with drug molecules to improve their stability; 64 (3) the surface/space confinement effect of LDHs can reduce the aggregation of drug molecules and allow them to exert the optimal therapeutic effect; 46 (4) the layered structure of LDHs enable poorly soluble drugs to be loaded in LDH carriers to increase drug solubility, thereby enhancing the bioavailability and absorption efficiency of drugs; 174,175 (5) the positive charge of LDHs is conducive to their combination with negative cell membranes to improve the uptake of LDHs and promote the uptake efficiency of drugs by cells; 167 (6) the acid-responsive degradation property of LDHs is not only beneficial to the control of drug release rate, but also to the eventual removal of LDHs in the body, thereby ensuring biological safety. 176 Therefore, LDHs have potential applications in controlled release of drugs.…”

Enhancing Tumor Accumulation and Cellular Uptake of Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles by Coating/Detaching pH-Triggered Charge-Convertible Polymers

“…1−5 Especially, a larger number of investigations have been focused on layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles (NPs) for cancer diagnosis and therapy in view of various chemical compositions, facile preparation and isomorphic substitution, high loading capacity, tuneable size, and biodegradation. 6,7 This anionic clay material is represented with a general chemical formula…”

“…Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have attracted tremendous attention in biomedical applications during the past decades due to the distinct physicochemical properties and excellent biocompatibility. − Especially, a larger number of investigations have been focused on layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles (NPs) for cancer diagnosis and therapy in view of various chemical compositions, facile preparation and isomorphic substitution, high loading capacity, tuneable size, and biodegradation. , This anionic clay material is represented with a general chemical formula [M 1– x 2+ M 3+ x (OH) 2 ]­(A n – ) x / n · m H 2 O, where M 2+ is a divalent metal, M 3+ is a trivalent metal, and A n – is an anion. Each metal cation (M 2+ or M 3+ ) is octahedrally coordinated by six OH – anions and the adjacent octahedra (M­(OH) 6 ) share edges to form a positively charged host layer.…”