Lateral Injury Criteria for the 6-year-old Pedestrian - Part II: Criteria for the Upper and Lower Extremities

Ivarsson, Bodil; Crandall, Jeff; Longhitano, Douglas; Okamoto, Masayoshi

doi:10.4271/2004-01-1755

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The values that exceed 1.1 are thought to present a 50% risk of fracture according to Iaversson. 12 Test 023, toes on the lower dashboard, presented with the highest tibia index values of 1.06 and 1.42 for the right and left tibias, respectively (Table 2). Test 022, toes on the mid-dashboard, also had tibia index values above the threshold or close to the threshold with values of 0.99 and 1.31, respectively ( Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Injury threshold values were then calculated and compared to the average of the injury threshold values reported by Mertz 20 and Ivarsson. 12 The tibia index was also calculated and compared to the scaled injury values published by Ivarsson. 12,21 The tibia index is a parameter developed for evaluating the combined effects of axial compression and bending in ATDs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biofidelity Evaluation of a Prototype Hybrid III 6 Year-Old ATD Lower Extremity

2016

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Incomplete instrumentation and a lack of biofidelity in the extremities of the 6 year-old anthropomorphic test device (ATD) pose challenges when studying regions of the body known to interact with the vehicle interior. This study sought to compare a prototype Hybrid III 6 year-old ATD leg (ATD-LE), with a more biofidelic ankle and tibia load cell, to previously collected child volunteer data and to the current Hybrid III 6 year-old ATD (HIII). Anthropometry, range of motion (ROM), and stiffness measurements were taken, along with a dynamic evaluation of the ATD-LE using knee-bolster airbag (KBA) test scenarios. Anthropometry values were similar in eight of twelve measurements. Total ankle ROM was improved in the ATD-LE with no bumper compared to the HIII. The highest tibia moments and tibia index values were recorded in KBA scenarios when the toes were positioned in contact with the dashboard prior to airbag deployment, forcing the ankle into axial loading and dorsiflexion. While improvements in the biofidelity of the ATD-LE are still necessary, the results of this study are encouraging. Continued advancement of the 6 year-old ATD ankle is necessary to provide a tool to directly study the behavior of the leg during a motor vehicle crash.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofidelity Evaluation of a Prototype Hybrid III 6 Year-Old ATD Lower Extremity

2016

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“…In the child bone material properties, factors obtained from parietal bone experiments by McPherson and Kriewall (1980) were applied. Therefore, the same factor of elastic modulus as 0.475 was used for both cortical and cancellous bone, smaller than the 0.6 determined only for femoral cortical bone by Ivarsson et al (2004). To obtain more precise characteristics of bones, the factors for each cortical and cancellous bone should be reflected in the FE model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Three-Year-Old Child FE Model

Mizuno

Iwata

Deguchi

et al. 2005

Traffic Injury Prevention

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“…For children, the paucity of pediatric PMHS and volunteer tests to define injury limits has led to scaling techniques to translate adult-based data to children [151,169,[223][224][225]. While aforementioned studies all use different techniques, here we describe the basics of scaling using dimensional analysis.…”

Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric Biomechanics

Arbogast¹,

Maltese²

2014

Accidental Injury

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During the human postnatal developmental process, extensive tissue and morphological changes occur. Many take place in the first few years of life but substantial development for several body regions continues well into young adulthood. Along with overall change in size, these material and structural changes influence the biomechanical response of child such that they respond differently to traumatic load than an adult. Understanding the unique biomechanical response of the child is challenging, as compared to the wealth of biomechanical data on the adult response to trauma, pediatric biomechanical data are relatively sparse. As a result, quantitative scaling relationships based on anatomical and material differences have been historically used to understand the biomechanics of the child. The last decade, however, has seen a tremendous increase in contributions to the biomechanics literature based upon pediatric subjects -volunteers, postmortem human subjects, and animal models -thus increasing our knowledge of how to design injury mitigation systems to protect the young.In this chapter, aspects of developmental anatomy and biomechanical knowledge are reviewed to provide context for pediatric human injury prediction. Emphasis is initially placed on the head and brain as this body region represents the most common seriously injured body region for children in virtually all unintentional injury modes. Specifically, head injuries are particularly relevant clinically as the developing brain is difficult to evaluate and treat, and even mild brain injuries in childhood can lead to deficits that remain long after the injury. Discussion follows on the cervical spine and thorax as these body regions are not only important from an injury mitigation standpoint but they govern the kinematics of the head during traumatic loading and therefore play a role in head injury protection. A brief description follows for the other body regions: the abdomen

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Lateral Injury Criteria for the 6-year-old Pedestrian - Part II: Criteria for the Upper and Lower Extremities

Cited by 8 publications

References 36 publications

Biofidelity Evaluation of a Prototype Hybrid III 6 Year-Old ATD Lower Extremity

Biofidelity Evaluation of a Prototype Hybrid III 6 Year-Old ATD Lower Extremity

Development of a Three-Year-Old Child FE Model

Pediatric Biomechanics

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