Latent classes of childhood trauma exposure predict the development of behavioral health outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood

Ballard, Elizabeth D.; Eck, Kathryn Van; Musci, Rashelle J.; Hart, Shelley R.; Storr, Carla L.; Breslau, Naomi; Wilcox, Holly C.

doi:10.1017/s0033291715001300

Cited by 79 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Utilizing latent class analysis to quantify maltreatment exposure is becoming more prevalent in maltreatment literature (Roesch et al . 2010; Ballard et al . 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood adversity, adult stress, and the risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder in US soldiers: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis

et al. 2017

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Background The stress sensitization theory hypothesizes that individuals exposed to childhood adversity will be more vulnerable to mental disorders from proximal stressors. We aimed to test this theory with respect to risk of 30-day major depressive episode (MDE) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among new U.S. Army soldiers. Methods The sample consisted of 30,436 new soldier recruits in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience (Army STARRS). Generalized linear models were constructed, and additive interactions between childhood maltreatment profiles and level of 12-month stressful experiences on the risk of 30-day MDE and GAD were analyzed. Results Stress sensitization was observed in models of past 30-day MDE (χ28=17.6, p=0.025) and GAD (χ28=26.8, p=0.001). This sensitization only occurred at high (3+) levels of reported 12-month stressful experiences. In pairwise comparisons for the risk of 30-day MDE, the risk difference between 3+ stressful experiences and no stressful experiences was significantly greater for all maltreatment profiles relative to No Maltreatment. Similar results were found with the risk for 30-day GAD with the exception of the risk difference for Episodic Emotional and Sexual Abuse, which did not differ statistically from No Maltreatment. Conclusions New soldiers are at an increased risk of 30-day MDE or GAD following recent stressful experiences if they were exposed to childhood maltreatment. Particularly in the military with an abundance of unique stressors, attempts to identify this population and improve stress management may be useful in the effort to reduce the risk of mental disorders.

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“…Utilizing latent class analysis to quantify maltreatment exposure is becoming more prevalent in maltreatment literature (Roesch et al . 2010; Ballard et al . 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood adversity, adult stress, and the risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder in US soldiers: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis

et al. 2017

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“…The dose-response relationships are coincident with established causal relationships between violence victimization and certain health outcomes (Ballard et al, 2015; Fergusson et al, 2000; Norman et al, 2012; Williams, Clear, & Coker, 2013). One hypothesis is that the individuals who are well functioning in adult life may be more likely to forget (or deny) early adversities, compared with those suffering physical and social impairment (Loftus, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Do self-reported data reflect the real burden of lifetime exposure to sexual violence among females aged 13–24 years in Malawi?

Fan

Kress

Gupta

et al. 2016

Child Abuse & Neglect

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Background Under most circumstances, the lifetime experience of sexual violence (SV) among girls and young women would likely increase with age. However, the empirical data from a retrospective study may not necessarily conform to this belief. Methods Data from a nationally representative sample of females aged 13–24 years in Malawi in 2013 (n = 1029) were analyzed. SV was defined as unwanted touching or attempted, pressured, or physically forced sex. The distribution of four types of SV among victims was compared between younger (13–18 years) and older (19–24 years) age groups. The strength of association between SV exposure and health outcomes was examined by age group. Results The risk of experiencing SV during their lifetime was three times greater for younger than that for older age females (Hazard ratio = 3.32). Among females who had experienced SV, older age females were more likely to report forced or pressured sex (41.2%) as their initial SV experience than younger age females (17.8%). The strength of association between the SV exposure and health outcomes did not differ by age group. Conclusions The self-report lifetime and childhood victimization to sexual violence may not necessarily higher among older than that among younger females. The current risk of exposure to sexual violence seems to influence the recall of lifetime and childhood victimization to a great extent. In order to make the field aware of this phenomenon, prevalence estimates from all three time frames (lifetime, childhood, and during the past 12 months) should be reported separately by age group.

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“…Girls are more likely to experience sexual abuse than boys (Dykman et al, 1997;Statistics Canada, 2013), and trauma experienced by women is more likely to be part of a class marked by sexual assault. Men's trauma is more likely to be part of a class marked by non-sexual violence (Ballard et al, 2015).…”

Section: Gender Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The abundance of research investigating developmental sequelae after experiencing trauma suggests childhood trauma increases the risk of impaired psychological functioning (e.g., Ballard et al, 2015;Brent, Melhem, Donohoe, & Walker, 2009;Collishaw et al, 2007). Two common forms of internalizing psychopathology associated with traumatic experiences are major depressive and anxiety disorders.…”

Section: Internalizing Psychopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although many children show resiliency and eventually function normally after trauma, there are well documented negative consequences to experiencing trauma during childhood (Agorastos et al, 2014;Ballard et al, 2015). Early trauma has been linked to the development of psychopathology; for example, victims of childhood sexual abuse are more likely to later receive a diagnosis of major depressive disorder and to attempt suicide (Ballard et al, 2015). In addition, the type, timing, and frequency of trauma may be crucial to predicting later onset and severity of maladaptive outcomes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Childhood Trauma and ADHD Diagnosis as Predictors of Consistently Elevated Internalizing Symptoms

Pritchard¹

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Many children adapt well to life after trauma, but children with ADHD may be at risk for posttraumatic maladaptation. ADHD is often comorbid with mental health disorders and deficits in cognitive functioning. Using data from the Multimodal Treatment of Children with ADHD study, a randomized clinical trial that tested treatments for ADHD in 579 children and later recruited 289 comparison children, the present study tests whether trauma predicts more severe levels and faster increases in depression and anxiety for children with ADHD versus developmentally typical peers. Interpersonal trauma predicted elevated depression and anxiety symptom severity, but not trajectories. Natural trauma predicted elevated anxiety symptoms, but not trajectories. Last, ADHD diagnosis predicted elevated depression symptoms, but not trajectories. There were no trauma x ADHD interactions on symptom levels or trajectories. This study informs practice and policy by guiding practitioners to use trauma history to identify children who demonstrate persistent internalizing symptoms.

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Latent classes of childhood trauma exposure predict the development of behavioral health outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood

Cited by 79 publications

References 45 publications

Childhood adversity, adult stress, and the risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder in US soldiers: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis

Childhood adversity, adult stress, and the risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder in US soldiers: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis

Do self-reported data reflect the real burden of lifetime exposure to sexual violence among females aged 13–24 years in Malawi?

Childhood Trauma and ADHD Diagnosis as Predictors of Consistently Elevated Internalizing Symptoms

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