Large‐scale wind power farms as power plants

Abstract

The integration of large-scale wind power into weak power systems raises several issues that must be clarified.Typically these include the practical connection to the network, integration with the network system, system stability, system operation, necessary installations and extensions of the network, etc. At the same time, careful attention must be paid to the functional requirements such wind farms should meet in order to enhance system responses. Different wind power technologies have different characteristics and control possibilities. In this article, three technologies have been studied with respect to their dynamic performance, and a transient stability study has been performed in order to illustrate the differences in the three technologies. The results clearly show that there are differences in behaviour and in control possibilities. Hence there are also differences in how well they can meet functional requirements.When discussing to what degree strict requirements should be imposed on wind power, it should be kept in mind that some requirements can be met with small or moderate costs, while others may be expensive or difficult to meet. Some requirements may also mean a reduction in generation and hence in revenues. Rather than imposing strict requirements on wind turbines as such, ancillary services should be met in the most suitable way. It is not obvious that the same requirements should apply to wind power in hydro power-dominated systems compared with, for instance, systems with a large share of nuclear or thermal power. It may well be cheaper to incorporate primary power control and system-stabilizing equipment in other power plants or grid points than in many small wind turbine generators. General conclusions cannot be made on this, but the issue should be the focal point of system operators everywhere. Copyright

Survey of wind farm control—power and fatigue optimization

“…Maximizing the energy production in WFs has been the most important issue until now and is likely to remain so for the near future. However, the TSO‐oriented ancillary services, such as balancing power and primary frequency control, are gaining importance . Maximizing energy is also a WF design issue.…”

“…In Bjerge and Kristoffersen and Gjengedal , the following modes of operation are listed for a WF: power limitation, balance control, power rate limiter (increase only) and delta control. In this paper, all these modes are seen as special cases of following a power reference, as it is not important whether this power reference is generated by the power or a power rate limit.…”

Geographic aggregation and wind power output variance in Denmark

“…Most present wind turbines are unable to supply ancillary services. Authors such as Parsons et al [23] focus on the demands exerted by wind turbines on external ancillary service providers and Gjengedal [24] argues that it may not be optimal to equip wind turbines with the techniques required to supply ancillary services. However, as Akhmatov et al [25] notes, progressively stricter grid codes tend to have improved wind turbines and therefore, they should be able to supply ancillary services in the future through the use of power converter coupling to the grid.…”

Nonlinear modal analysis of wind farm in stressed wind farms in stressed power systems: Effects of DFIG controllers

“…Nowadays the use of wind energy resources as connecting to the main network or supplying the far loads and also to use in urban areas has been extended [2]- [4]. When the penetration of wind generation is high, the online operation of generators during grid disturbances becomes very important regarding the grid code requirements.…”