“…For small and medium-scale optimization problems, EA has achieved excellent performance in various industrial application systems and can effectively handle various nonlinear, strongly coupled, mixed-variable, and other complex optimization scenarios (Xue, 2021;Xue and Jiang, 2021). However, when the scale of decision variables of the target problem exceeds a certain order of magnitude, conventional EA (Strasser et al, 2017;Ma et al, 2021b;Ma et al, 2021c;Zhang, 2022) are difficult to obtain satisfactory performances such as solution accuracy and convergence speed even with improved global optimization operator strategies due to their limited search capability (Fan et al, 2014;Ran Cheng and Yaochu Jin, 2015;Yang et al, 2017;Ma et al, 2019). Therefore, how to design efficient large-scale global optimization methods is an urgent problem to solve complex engineering system applications in big data environment.…”