Large‐scale glaciotectonic deformation in the Great Lakes basin, USA‐Canada

Larson, Grahame J.; Ehlers, Jürgen; Gibbard, Philip L.

doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2003.tb01091.x

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…The southern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet was likely covered by permafrost during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) [ Cutler et al , 2000] (purple areas in Figure 1). There is little evidence of permafrost, however, in the Great Lakes basins, likely because these low‐lying areas were covered by proglacial lakes [ Larson et al , 2003].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pleistocene hydrology of North America: The role of ice sheets in reorganizing groundwater flow systems

Person

McIntosh

Bense

et al. 2007

Reviews of Geophysics

147

162

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[1] While the geomorphic consequences of Pleistocene megafloods have been known for some time, it has been only in the past 2 decades that hydrogeologists and glaciologists alike have begun to appreciate the important impact that ice sheet -aquifer interactions have had in controlling subsurface flow patterns, recharge rates, and the distribution of fresh water in confined aquifer systems across North America. In this paper, we document the numerous lines of geochemical, isotopic, and geomechanical evidence of ice sheet hydrogeology across North America. We also review the mechanical, thermal, and hydrologic processes that control subsurface fluid migration beneath ice sheets. Finite element models of subsurface fluid flow, permafrost formation, and ice sheet loading are presented to investigate the coupled nature of transport processes during glaciation/ deglaciation. These indicate that recharge rates as high as 10 times modern values occurred as the Laurentide Ice Sheet overran the margins of sedimentary basins. The effects of ice sheet loading and permafrost formation result in complex transient flow patterns within aquifers and confining units alike. Using geochemical and environmental isotopic data, we estimate that the volume of glacial meltwater emplaced at the margins of sedimentary basins overrun by the Laurentide Ice Sheet totals about 3.7 Â 10 4 km 3 , which is about 0.2% of the volume of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Subglacial infiltration estimates based on continental-scale hydrologic models are even higher (5 -10% of meltwater generated). These studies in sum call into question the widely held notion that groundwater flow patterns within confined aquifer systems are controlled primarily by the water table configuration during the Pleistocene. Rather, groundwater flow patterns were likely much more complex and transient in nature than has previously been thought. Because Pleistocene recharge rates are believed to be highly variable, these studies have profound implications for water resource managers charged with determining sustainable pumping rates from confined aquifers that host ice sheet meltwater.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pleistocene hydrology of North America: The role of ice sheets in reorganizing groundwater flow systems

Person

McIntosh

Bense

et al. 2007

Reviews of Geophysics

147

162

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“…Although primary sedimentary structures pre-dating the deformation are present in most of the folded units, they are largely absent in the center of the narrow anticlinal structures. Although Larson et al (2003) observed that crests of the anticlines trend east-northeast and appear to form wall-like bodies that separate several broad structural depressions, it is currently unknown whether the deformation structures observed in the outcrop are isolated or continuous features, and if the latter, what is the length and orientation.…”

Section: Cst Characterization Of Large-scale Glaciotectonic Deformationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The work presented here focuses on an area known as the Ludington Ridge, south of the town of Ludington, Michigan, where Larson et al (2003) described several large-scale deformation structures in a steep cliff bordering Lake Michigan. Throughout the Ludington ridge, and particularly in the cliff area, springs and gullies indicate a preferred pattern of groundwater drainage and past landslides related to this deformation.…”

Section: Cst Characterization Of Large-scale Glaciotectonic Deformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sediment below the area of interest is entirely comprised of the "lower stratified sand" unit, which reaches a thickness of over 35 m. The unit consist primarily of horizontally and cross-bedded sands, but is locally interbedded by finer units up to several meters thick. Evidence for a subaqueous origin of the unit includes drop stones and load structures, amongst others (Larson et al, 2003).…”

Section: Cst Characterization Of Large-scale Glaciotectonic Deformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Landform characterization using geophysics—Recent advances, applications, and emerging tools

Dam

2012

Geomorphology

105

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Contribution to the seismic hazard assessment of a slow active fault, the Vuache fault in the southern Molasse basin (France)

Baize

Cushing

Lemeille

et al. 2011

Bulletin De La Société Géologique De France

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The Vuache fault is a prominent structure cutting the southernmost Swiss Molasse basin, from the Subalpine massifs to the Jura range. It controls a superficial (0 to 3 km), moderate (moment magnitude ≤ 5) and recurrent (a few events per century) seismicity. In order to address the seismic hazard associated to this fault, we compiled existing data, performed new field investigations and reprocessed existing seismic lines. The newly acquired data validate the hypothesis of an active structure. Its imprint in the landscape and its Quaternary long-term activity are demonstrated, especially by the offset of incised small valleys. Some sites also reveal the occurrence of Quaternary deposits deformed along the fault. Despite the alternative interpretation (glacitectonism) already published, we favour the hypothesis of a tectonic origin for some of them. Concerning the fault slip rate, dating problems preclude definitely addressing the issue, but regional correlations suggest that long-term slip rate ranges from 0.15 to 0.4 mm/a. In addition, as previously concluded by other authors, there is probably a basement fault beneath the surface structure. A connection between the two is not completely demonstrated because of the poor quality of the seismic line at the key point, but this hypothesis should nonetheless be considered in seismic hazard assessment. The relative weight of a deep-seated fault (up to 10 or 15 km into the brittle crust) hypothesis may be low because the well-established data fit more with a scenario of shallow fault producing moderate to low magnitude earthquake. This hypothesis – which would drastically increase the possible maximum magnitude – should not however be neglected in seismic hazard assessment, especially because the coseismic origin of deformations in La Petite Balme is still a possible alternative.

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Large‐scale glaciotectonic deformation in the Great Lakes basin, USA‐Canada

Cited by 3 publications

References 50 publications

Pleistocene hydrology of North America: The role of ice sheets in reorganizing groundwater flow systems

Pleistocene hydrology of North America: The role of ice sheets in reorganizing groundwater flow systems

Landform characterization using geophysics—Recent advances, applications, and emerging tools

Contribution to the seismic hazard assessment of a slow active fault, the Vuache fault in the southern Molasse basin (France)

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