Large-Scale Automated Additive Construction: Overview, Robotic Solutions, Sustainability, and Future Prospect

Khosravani, Mohammad Reza; Haghighi, Azadeh

doi:10.3390/su14159782

Cited by 33 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 187 publications

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“…The other challenge is to evaluate the CSA-induced durability of cementitious green building materials (CGBMs), such as 3D-printed concrete and recycled aggregate concrete. Due to the printing method, mineral type and content, recycled aggregate quality (loose structure or high sulfate content), 3D-printed concrete [120,121], and recycled aggregate concrete [122,123], low mechanical properties and high porosity may show poor sulfateresistant properties. At present, relevant research focuses on the effect of these material properties on structural characteristics, while the models to evaluate the durability of CGBMs subjected to CSA are few reported.…”

Section: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Transport-Chemo-Mechanical Behavior in Concrete under External Sulfate Attack

et al. 2023

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Cementitious concrete structures serving in sulfate environments suffer from serious durability challenges caused by chemical sulfate attacks (CSA), which lead to the volume expansion, cracking, and spalling of concrete and the early failure of structures. CSA on concrete involves the behaviors of ion transport, chemical reactions, the crystallization of reaction products, microstructural damage to the cement matrix, and the macroscopic deterioration of concrete, namely the transport-chemo-mechanical behaviors. This paper first introduces the reaction products, such as gypsum, ettringite, brucite, and thaumasite, between sulfate and concrete under different environmental conditions and their formation mechanism. Then, aiming at the ettringite type CSA, the theories of volume increase and crystallization pressure are elaborated to explain it-induced concrete degradation. Additionally, the crystallization pressure theory is used to describe the cracking behavior in the microstructure slurry caused by the ettringite crystal filling pore. Finally, a series of transport-chemo-mechanical models for ettringite type CSA are displaced module by module. It includes the sulfate diffusion-reaction model, the free expansion of concrete, and equivalent expansive force in concrete related to the reaction behavior: the model for chemo-mechanical behavior in concrete caused by CSA. These models can be used to analyze the distribution of sulfate ions and the reaction product content, expansive stress and strain in the concrete, and the cracking and spalling degree of the concrete, which is beneficial to evaluate the durability of concrete structures serving permanently in a sulfate environment.

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Section: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Transport-Chemo-Mechanical Behavior in Concrete under External Sulfate Attack

et al. 2023

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“…Concurrently, large-scale automated additive construction has issues related to robotic solutions and environmental sustainability. These issues can be solved by improving processes, materials, and large-scale printed structures, which will promote the development of more efficient and sustainable construction technologies [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hierarchical Axiomatic Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Equipment and the 3D Printing Process Based on Sustainability and Human Factors

Mendoza-Muñoz,

Montoya-Reyes,

Maldonado-Macías

et al. 2024

Processes

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As interest in additive manufacturing (AM) continues to increase, it has become more important to have a robust method to help potential users select the AM process that best suits their technological needs while providing the greatest potential benefits in terms of sustainability and its effect on people. This paper presents the development of a framework for selecting the best AM process for a given application by considering both sustainability and human factors through the combination of axiomatic design and the analytic hierarchy process. Thirty-one participants with varying levels of expertise (novice and advanced users) were involved in the study, considering the frequency of 3D printer usage (novice users: never, rarely; expert users: sometimes, almost always, always) for prototyping parts. They employed fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereolithography (SLA) (both 3D desktop printers) and collected data on five evaluation criteria. The participation of experts helped establish a novel methodology, with material cost deemed most important (49.8%), followed by cycle time (28%), energy consumption (11.7%), error rate (6.6%), and equipment noise (3.9%). The results showed that FDM was the optimal equipment option for advanced users. By examining the information content of the other options, it was found that FDM demanded less information than SLA, regardless of the user’s level of expertise. The proposed method is appropriate to assess the sustainability aspect of FDM and SLA; however, it can be further improved by adding indicators such as environmental impact, recyclability, and ergonomic and occupational health factors.

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“…AM processes have only slowly found their way into the construction industry compared to other sectors. This can be attributed to the larger scale of the components [2] and the fact that they are hardly ever produced in series. On the other hand, there is only a limited selection of materials available whose processability is suitable for automated manufacturing systems [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Application of Robotic Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufacturing Technique for Strengthening the I-Beam Profiles

et al. 2023

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In recent years, the use of Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) for strengthening standardized steel elements received significant interest within the research community. The reason for this lies in the theoretical potential of WAAM to improve the economic and environmental aspects of contemporary steel construction through efficient material consumption. As efficiency is often obtained through detailed design study, the paper presents a design exploration of suitable stiffener geometries under the assumption of infinite geometrical freedom. The assumption is eventually invalidated as process constraints specific to the generated geometries emerge from test trials. Once identified, process constraints are documented and overcome through adequate and precise path planning. Feasibility analysis is an important step between design and fabrication, especially in the case of large-scale or geometrically complex components. With reference to the case of stiffeners, a feasibility analysis is necessary to take into account the specific geometrical limits of the build volume, which is not typically the case for conventional WAAM fabrication. The current research provides the first investigation to understand the means for future on-site WAAM strengthening of existing steel structural elements.

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Large-Scale Automated Additive Construction: Overview, Robotic Solutions, Sustainability, and Future Prospect

Cited by 33 publications

References 187 publications

A Review on the Transport-Chemo-Mechanical Behavior in Concrete under External Sulfate Attack

A Review on the Transport-Chemo-Mechanical Behavior in Concrete under External Sulfate Attack

A Hierarchical Axiomatic Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Equipment and the 3D Printing Process Based on Sustainability and Human Factors

Experimental Application of Robotic Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufacturing Technique for Strengthening the I-Beam Profiles

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