Language production in 24-month-old inner-city children of cocaine-and-other-drug-using mothers

Malakoff, Marguerite E.; Mayes, Linda C.; Schottenfeld, Richard S.; Howell, Steven M.

doi:10.1016/s0193-3973(99)80009-4

Cited by 39 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Furthermore, MLUw can be used more readily across languages and dialects. Using MLUw will diminish concerns regarding the inflation of MLU scores in highly inflected languages (Arlman-Rupp, 1976;Dromi & Berman, 1982;Hickey, 1991;Thordardottir & Weismer, 1998), and will also alleviate concerns about morphemic differences between Ebonics and standard English (Malakoff et al, 1999). Also, with the increased case-load sizes in the schools, MLUw indexes are more appealing to clinicians because they can be calculated faster.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study between mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLUm) and mean length of utterance in words (MLUw)

2005

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Prior to Brown's (1973) introduction of mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLUm), child language researchers and speech-language pathologists used mean length of utterance in words (MLUw) as a measurement of a child's gross language development. After Brown (1973) and others documented MLUm to be a measure which was correlated with the development of morphological and syntactic skills in young children, the practice of counting MLUm became more widely used and accepted. In the present study, MLUw and MLUm scores of 40 language transcripts from typically-developing, English-speaking children between the ages of 3;0 and 3;10 were compared. Results indicated that MLUm and MLUw are almost perfectly correlated. This finding suggests that MLUw can be used as effectively as MLUm as a measurement of a child's gross language development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study between mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLUm) and mean length of utterance in words (MLUw)

2005

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“…Additional supportive evidence for cocaine-associated language deficits is provided by studies of small groups of children in whom spontaneous language samples have been coded to assess semantic and syntactical processing elements of language. These studies have documented less complex language skills (Malakoff et al, 1999), differences in discourse pragmatics and syntactic development (Mentis and Lundgren, 1995), phonological delay (Madison et al, 1998), and more restricted and delayed semantic representations (Bland-Stewart et al, 1998) among prenatally cocaine-exposed compared to noncocaine-exposed children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1) subtle disregulation of attentional systems with potential for disrupting an infant's ability to extract and process available linguistic information, (2) disruptions in parental-child linguistic interactions due to cocaine and other drug use, and (3) impoverished, unstable, and endangering social and caregiving environments (Malakoff et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severity of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Child Language Functioning Through Age Seven Years: A Longitudinal Latent Growth Curve Analysis

Bandstra

Vogel

Morrow

et al. 2004

Substance Use & Misuse

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The current study estimates the longitudinal effects of severity of prenatal cocaine exposure on language functioning in an urban sample of full-term African-American children (200 cocaineexposed, 176 noncocaine-exposed) through age 7 years. The Miami Prenatal Cocaine Study sample was enrolled prospectively at birth, with documentation of prenatal drug exposure status through maternal interview and toxicology assays of maternal and infant urine and infant meconium. Language functioning was measured at ages 3 and 5 years using the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Preschool (CELF-P) and at age 7 years using the Core Language Domain of the NEPSY: A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment. Longitudinal latent growth curve analyses were used to examine two components of language functioning, a more stable aptitude for language performance and a time-varying trajectory of language development, across the three time points and their relationship to varying levels of prenatal cocaine exposure. Severity of prenatal cocaine exposure was characterized using a latent construct combining maternal self-report of cocaine use during pregnancy by trimesters and maternal and infant bioassays, allowing all available information to be taken into account. The association between severity of exposure and language functioning was examined within a model including factors for fetal growth, gestational age, and IQ as intercorrelated response variables and child's age, gender, and prenatal alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana exposure as covariates. Results indicated that greater severity of prenatal cocaine exposure was associated with greater deficits within the more stable aptitude for language performance (D = −0.071, 95% CI = −0.133, −0.009; p = 0.026). There was no relationship between severity of prenatal cocaine exposure and the time-varying trajectory of language development. The observed cocaineassociated deficit was independent of multiple alternative suspected sources of variation in language performance, including other potential responses to prenatal cocaine exposure, such as child's intellectual functioning, and other birth and postnatal influences, including language stimulation in the home environment.

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“…The type-token ratio is a commonly used quantitative measure of verbal diversity, which has been used in child, adolescent and adult populations [23][24][25]. From the transcribed narratives, the type-token ratio was calculated as a ratio of different word roots / total number of words.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verbal Abilities as Predictors of Retention Among Adolescents in a Therapeutic Community

Wilson

Levin

Donovan

et al. 2006

Child Psychiatry Hum Dev

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The relationship between verbal skills and retention among adolescents in substance abuse treatment is understudied. In order to assess verbal predictors of retention, twenty-eight 16-19 year old adolescents in a therapeutic community for substance abuse were evaluated between 30 and 90 days after admission. These adolescents were then followed prospectively for 1 year. Verbal and non-verbal cognitive screens, audio taped narrative responses, and self-reports of socio-emotional function and psychiatric symptoms were completed. Verbal scores were associated with self-restraint and counselor reports of therapeutic engagement and comprehension. General verbal scores predicted attrition, while therapeutic expressiveness (verbal expressiveness in a therapeutic context) predicted retention. Remediation of verbal communication skills may be an overlooked aspect of the therapeutic process in treating adolescent substance abusers.

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Language production in 24-month-old inner-city children of cocaine-and-other-drug-using mothers

Cited by 39 publications

References 41 publications

A comparative study between mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLUm) and mean length of utterance in words (MLUw)

A comparative study between mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLUm) and mean length of utterance in words (MLUw)

Severity of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Child Language Functioning Through Age Seven Years: A Longitudinal Latent Growth Curve Analysis

Verbal Abilities as Predictors of Retention Among Adolescents in a Therapeutic Community

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