Lake sturgeon response to a spawning reef constructed in the Detroit river

Abstract

SummaryPrior to the First World War, the bi-national Detroit River provided vast areas of functional fish spawning and nursery habitat. However, ongoing conflicting human uses of these waters for activities such as waste disposal, water withdrawals, shoreline development, shipping, recreation, and fishing have altered many of the chemical, physical, and biological processes of the Detroit River. Of particular interest and concern to resource managers and stakeholders is the significant loss and impairment of fish spawning and nursery habitat that led to the decline in abundance of most fish species using this ecosystem. Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) populations for example, were nearly extirpated by the middle of the 20th century, leaving only a small fraction of their former population. Fisheries managers recognized that the loss of suitable fish spawning habitat is a limiting factor in lake sturgeon population rehabilitation in the Detroit River. In efforts to remediate this beneficial water use impairment, a reef consisting of a mixture of natural rock and limestone was constructed at the upstream end of Fighting Island in 2008. This paper focuses on the response by lake sturgeon to the different replicates of suitable natural materials used to construct the fish spawning habitat at Fighting Island in the Detroit River. Pre-construction fisheries assessment during [2006][2007][2008] showed that along with the presence of adult lake sturgeon, spawning conditions were favorable. However, no eggs were found in assessments conducted prior to reef construction. The 3300 m 2 Fighting Island reef was placed at the upstream end of the island in October of 2008. The construction design included 12 spawning beds of three replicates each consisting of either round rock, small or large (shot-rock) diameter limestone or a mixture thereof. An observed response by spawning lake sturgeon occurred the following year when spawning-ready adults (ripe), viable eggs, and larvae were collected during May and June 2009. Additional eggs and spawning-ready adults were found in 2010 (no larval sampling occurred in 2010) as well as collection of three age-0 juvenile lake sturgeon in bottom trawls fished downstream of the reef during July 2010. Spawning lake sturgeon showed no repeatable preference for any of the four particular substrate types but showed a high degree of preference for the island side of the channel, where faster water current velocities occurred. In 2009, overall lake sturgeon egg densities across all replicates averaged 102 m and seven larvae were found in night drift-net samples. In 2010, average lake sturgeon egg density was 12 m )2 and three age-0 lake sturgeon averaging 120 mm TL were collected in bottom trawls in deepwater (8 m depth) downstream from the constructed reef. These results demonstrated successful reproduction by lake sturgeon on a man-made reef and suggested that additions and improvements to fish spawning habitat could enhance reproduction and early life history survival of lake sturgeon in ...

Artificial reefs and reef restoration in the Laurentian Great Lakes

“…More recently, the focus of artificial spawning habitat construction shifted to restoring and increasing functional spawning habitat in order to enhance fish populations (e.g., Dumont et al, 2011;Fitzsimons, 1996;Manny et al, 2010;Roseman et al, 2011) (Fig. 3).…”

“…Sizes of constructed structures ranged from less than 95 m 2 (Marsden et al, 1995) to over 33,000 m 2 (Yauck, 2009). Physical designs also varied from a 3-m high wall of rock in East Tawas Bay, Lake Huron (Foster and Kennedy, 1995), to individual uniform beds of various materials to assess preference for rock type in the Detroit River (Roseman et al, 2011) and large piles of rock in Lake Ontario (Marsden et al, 1995).…”

Use of main channel and two backwater habitats by larval fishes in the Detroit River

“…Recently, substantial efforts and money have been invested to restore spawning habitat in the Detroit River (e.g., Roseman et al, 2011). To achieve population recovery, however, it will be necessary to identify, protect, and restore nursery areas for larval fishes.…”

“…Recent investigations of fish habitat use in the Detroit River have revealed renewed spawning activity by several socially and ecologically important fishes including lake whitefish (Roseman et al, 2007(Roseman et al, , 2012, walleye and lake sturgeon (Caswell et al, 2004;Roseman et al, 2011). In addition, some nearshore areas of the Detroit River have been found to support diverse assemblages of native fishes (Hintz, 2001).…”

“…At least 21 species of larval fishes have been documented in the Detroit River; the most abundant included rainbow smelt, alewife and gizzard shad (Hatcher and Nester, 1983). Important sport and commercial fishes that use the river for spawning, nursery, and adult habitat include crappies, lake sturgeon, lake whitefish, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and walleye, (Caswell et al, 2004;Goodyear et al, 1982;Hatcher and Nester, 1983;Roseman et al, 2011).…”