“…Our findings align with other studies showing that phenological timing can affect herbivory rates within species or genera (Mopper & Simberloff, 1995; Pearse, Baty, et al, 2015; Pearse, Funk, et al, 2015; Pearse & Karban, 2013), and may have fitness consequences (Pearse, Funk, et al, 2015). For example, valley oak ( Quercus lobata ) genotypes that leafed out early in a given year also experienced higher herbivory rates in that year and reduced acorn production in the following year (Pearse, Funk, et al, 2015). Our herbarium dataset provides the rare opportunity to extend this framework to entire plant communities.…”