Lactobacillus gasseri as a Functional Food and Its Role in Obesity

Abstract

Introduction Obesity is a chronic, relapsing, progressive disease. It is identified by abnormal and excessive fat accumulation which is defined as a body mass index (BMI) higher than 25 kg/m 2. 1 The health risks of obesity include a wide range of medical, surgical, gynecological, obstetric, social, and psychological conditions such as hypertension, cerebrovascular incidents, cancers, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and degenerative arthritis. 2 Therefore, the costs imposed by obesity are considerable. Changes in lifestyle, exercise, diet therapy, drugs with anti-lipase inhibitory effects, or medicinal plants are some ways to overcome obesity, but one critical factor related to obesity and metabolic disorders is the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota is related to obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. 3 The high proportion of intestinal firmicutes and low percentage of Bacteroides are associated with adipose tissue inflammation and obesity. 4 Bacteroides have a lower number of enzyme genes for lipid and carbohydrate metabolism than firmicutes, and they reduce the energy uptake from diets. 5 Probiotics as live healthy microorganisms are a promising approach to altering gut microbiota. 6 Among probiotics, Lactobacillus gasseri is known as the weight loss probiotic. In this review article, the efficiency of L. gasseri in weight loss is discussed. Lactobacillus gasseri Lactobacillus gasseri is an autochthonous human intestinal bacterium which is acid resistant, bile tolerant, and distinguished from L. acidophilus by typical phenotype characteristics. The cell wall composition and electrophoretic mobility of L. gasseri L-LDH is different from that of L. acidophillus. 7 Cardiolipin as a membrane phospholipid of L. gasseri JCM1131 plays a pivotal role in the bile acid resistance of bacteria. 8 Inulin, poly-oligosaccharides, and a broad range of fructooligosaccharides are synthesized by L. gasseri. 9 Inulin is synthesized from sucrose using inulosucrase from L. gasseri DSM 20604. 10 Lactobacillus gasseri reduces the number of fecal mutagenic enzymes, adheres to intestinal tissue, and stimulates macrophages in the intestine. It is able to adhere to Caco-2 cells and exhibits antimicrobial activity. It reduced the fecal coliforms, serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and bile acids in rats. The levels of acidic steroid increased in feces, but totally neutral steroids were not affected by L. gasseri in hypercholesterolemic rats. 11 Two different mechanisms are proposed for reducing serum cholesterol using probiotic bacteria. L. gasseri is able to enhance the excretion of acidic steroids in feces and suppress the reabsorption of bile acids into the enterohepatic circulation. It is also able to adhere to the surface of the intestine and deconjugate bile acids with weak absorption from the small intestine is associated with high feces excretion by dietary fiber. Deconjucated bile acids are toxic for the growth of coliform or patho...

Heat-Killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5314 Mitigates the Effects of Stress-Related Type 2 Diabetes in Mice via Gut Microbiome Modulation

“…On the other hand, our research demonstrated that treatment of BNR17 resulted in the increased body weight in stress-T2D. However, other studies demonstrated that BNR17 showed the beneficial effects of weight loss in obesity and T2D [ 54 , 55 ]. In general, stresses that are regulated by HPA and corticosterone are related with body weight, but chronic stress may show weight gain and abdominal obesity [ 56 ].…”

Molecular identification of bacteria (Klebsiella aerogenes, PP335235) isolated from street food (Fried Rice); study of its antibiotic sensitivity pattern and probiotic fortification of fruit juice (Fragaria ananassa, Passiflora ligularis and Phyllanthus e

“…Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria generate lactic acid, are resistant to acid, and do not sporulate [16]. Several species of potentially probiotic microbes found are Lacticasei bacillus reuteri, Lacticasei bacillus casei, Lacticasei bacillus casei LA1, Lacticasei bacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactiplanti bacillus plantarum 299, and Lactobacillus gasseri are a few of them to have been used in a variety of therapeutic applications [17].…”

“…Several species of potentially probiotic microbes found are Lacticasei bacillus reuteri, Lacticasei bacillus casei, Lacticasei bacillus casei LA1, Lacticasei bacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactiplanti bacillus plantarum 299, and Lactobacillus gasseri are a few of them to have been used in a variety of therapeutic applications [17]. Among them, a native and indigenous human intestine LAB that is homofermentative, acid-resistant, and bile-tolerant is Lactobacillus gasseri [16]. Due to its ability to stick to intestinal tissues, activate macrophages, and create bacteriocins that can lower harmful microbes, it is commonly linked to probiotic effects.…”

Sea cucumber sulfated polysaccharides and Lactobacillus gasseri synergistically ameliorate the overweight induced by altered gut microbiota in mice

“…In addition, previous studies have found that L. gasseri was associated with weight loss and the management of obesity. 12 However, establishment and persistence in the gut are vital for probiotics to exert their beneficial effects. 13 Competition for ecological niches has become one of the main issues limiting the application of probiotics.…”