Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 0111 Protects Against Influenza Virus by Modulating Intestinal Microbial-Mediated Immune Responses

Abstract

There are some limitations of traditional influenza vaccines concerning novel mutant strains. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop preventive means for antigen-unrelated types of influenza viruses. Recent studies have shown that probiotics can modulate the immune system and reduce the severity of viral infections. In this study, we investigated the potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 0111 against influenza virus H9N2. Challenge experiments showed that L. plantarum 0111 pretreatments could effectively improve mice’s survival rate and weight loss and reduce the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) along with the degree of lung and intestinal injury. FMT experiment demonstrates that the protective effect produced by L. plantarum 0111 is associated with gut microorganisms. In addition, 16S high-throughput sequencing of the mouse intestinal microbiota showed that L. plantarum 0111 remodeled the intestinal microbiota after H9N2 infection and maintained the gut microbiota balance. In a mouse model, the oral administration of L. plantarum 0111 increased IFN-β expression in the serum and BALF. At the same time, the transcript levels of IFN-β and related ISGs in the intestine and lungs of mice were also increased. In addition, the activation and polarization of T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and the spleen were detected by flow cytometry, and the results showed that L. plantarum 0111 modulated cytokines in T cells and increased IgA expression in B cells in the MLNs and spleen. Thus, L. plantarum 0111 may improve gut microbiota-mediated immune responses and thus, resist infection by the influenza virus, and it could be used as an effective preventive measure against the influenza virus.

Faecalibacterium duncaniae as a novel next generation probiotic against influenza

“…The results of several studies have revealed that the use of probiotics (mostly from the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera) is beneficial during influenza (18,(68)(69)(70)(71)(72). Some probiotics can prophylactically prime antiviral responses in the lungs.…”

“…The results of preclinical studies suggest that antibiotic treatment and thus functional dysbiosis of the gut microbiota enhance susceptibility to influenza (15). Conversely, shaping the intestinal microbiota with probiotics or prebiotics might be instrumental in protecting the body against severe influenza (16)(17)(18)(19). In mechanistic terms, the gut microbiota influences the lungs' defenses and controls pulmonary disease outcomes through a broad panel of microbial metabolites and membrane components (20).…”

Gut microbiota-derived LCA mediates the protective effect of PEDV infection in piglets

“…Then, cell filters were inserted to collect the bacteria and centrifuged at 600×g for 10 min. The samples were then added to 10% glycerol and stored at −80 °C [ 23 ]. Prior to FMT, PBS was used instead of glycerol, and the number of viable bacteria was subsequently counted by methylene blue staining.…”

Characterization of Genomic, Physiological, and Probiotic Features of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JS21 Strain Isolated from Traditional Fermented Jiangshui

“…These microorganisms are essential for maintaining a balanced microbial environment within the body, preventing harmful bacteria from colonizing, and protecting the integrity of mucosal barriers [2]. Additionally, lactic acid bacteria at 0, 1, 2, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,16,20,24, and 28 h. The growth curve was plotted with the incubation time as the horizontal coordinate and OD 600 as the vertical coordinate. The pH of the medium was measured at 0, 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,40, and 52 h. The pH curve was plotted with the incubation time as the horizontal coordinate and pH as the vertical coordinate.…”