L'Europe des villes d'après les données de Géopolis

Moriconi-Ébrard, François

doi:10.3406/spgeo.1993.3234

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Regarding the first problem, comparative studies of the demographic evolution and economic profiles of European cities encounter difficulties because the spatial expansion of cities since the 1970s requires a revision of the delineations of urban entities (Van den Berg et al., 1982) Initial comparable measurements were made according to the spatial expansion of built-up areas to define urban agglomerations (Moriconi-Ebrard, 1994). In a second step during the 1990s, FUAs were defined based on commuters’ mobility.…”

Section: Developing a Data Base For Observing Metropolisation Levels Among European Citiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two metropolisation gradients in the European system of cities revealed by scaling laws

Pumain

Rozenblat

2018

Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

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Urban systems share with other complex systems constraints on their dynamics that are revealed by pervasive structural features, among which scaling laws. Scaling laws are relationships between cities’ attributes and their size (here measured by their population). When the relationship is non proportional with exponents larger than 1, scaling laws indicate the relative concentration of some urban functions at the higher levels of urban hierarchies. Superlinear scaling thus reveals the metropolisation trends that are produced in the urban system, according to our evolutionary theory perspective, by the hierarchical diffusion of innovation waves. Considering the current urban changes linked with the globalisation processes as an ‘innovation’ that is likely to diffuse hierarchically in urban systems, we analyse the relationships between 25 indicators expressive of their position in globalisation processes and the size of European cities (356 largest functional urban areas of the 28 European Union member states plus Switzerland and Norway). When summarised in a single metropolisation factor, we expected to find a unique superlinear scaling relationship that would reveal the hierarchical structure of the unifying European system of cities. We instead identify two distinct metropolisation gradients for each of the Western and Eastern subsystem that we interpret according to the delayed globalisation process in the latter. This provides a demonstration of the usefulness of scaling laws for summarising stages in the process of hierarchical diffusion of innovation in systems of cities.

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Section: Developing a Data Base For Observing Metropolisation Levels Among European Citiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two metropolisation gradients in the European system of cities revealed by scaling laws

Pumain

Rozenblat

2018

Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

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“…Taken all together, European countries (except those issued from the defunct USSR) constituted an urban fabric that, in 1990, consisted of 5,200 urban centres with a population of more than 10,000 inhabitants (Cattan et al 1999;Moriconi-Ebrard 1994). The spatial organisation of that fabric offered very unequal opportunities for interaction at different levels of geographical influence.…”

Section: The European Urban Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

European urban polycentrism: a multiscale typology

Rozenblat

2009

Geogr. Helv.

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Abstract. Several publications of the European Spatial Planning Observation Network (ESPON) suggest that one should be aiming at a polycentric urban system, albeit one which does not unambiguously display properties of territorial development (Vandermotten 2003). Focusing on concentration processes and implications of urban policies, the article draws attention to those regional processes (topographic) and urban networks (topologic) destined to play the double role of catalyst and diffuser of innovations in a diversified European territory. It is argued that various spatial scales and a range of different perceptions of polycentrism be taken into consideration. It is felt that only through the articulation of these differences will the relevant processes and networks be able to function optimally within a context where the interrelations of urban governance are adapted to each territory.

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“…[21]. Figure 8 shows the rank-ordering plot of agglomeration sizes (larger than 100 000 inhabitants) in the world [40] raised to the power c=0.13 (notice again the relative robustness of the exponent compared to the US and French case) as a function of the (decimal) logarithm of the rank n. An excellent fit to a straight line is found over more than four decades in ranks notwithstanding the fact that the database is probably not perfect as several hundreds of people are missing from the counting in crowded countries like China and India. The fit shown in the figure provides a reference scale x 0 = 0.03 using eq.…”

Section: -2 Us Goμ Ocs Oil Reserve Sizesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stretched exponential distributions in nature and economy: “fat tails” with characteristic scales

Laherrere¹,

1998

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To account quantitatively for many reported « natural » fat tail distributions in Nature and Economy, we propose the stretched exponential family as a complement to the often used power law distributions. It has many advantages, among which to be economical with only two adjustable parameters with clear physical interpretation. Furthermore, it derives from a simple and generic mechanism in terms of multiplicative processes. We show that stretched exponentials describe very well the distributions of radio and light emissions from galaxies, of US GOM OCS oilfield reserve sizes, of World, US and French agglomeration sizes, of country population sizes, of daily Forex US-Mark and Franc-Mark price variations, of Vostok temperature variations, of the Raup-Sepkoski's kill curve and of citations of the most cited physicists in the world. We also briefly discuss its potential for the distribution of earthquake sizes and fault displacements and earth temperature variations over the last 400 000 years. We suggest physical interpretations of the parameters and provide a short toolkit of the statistical properties of the stretched exponentials. We also provide a comparison with other distributions, such as the shifted linear fractal, the log-normal and the recently introduced parabolic fractal distributions. 1-IntroductionFrequency or probability distribution functions (pdf) that decay as a power law of their argument P(x) dx = P 0 x -(1+µ) dx (1) have acquired a special status in the last decade. They are sometimes called ``fractal'' (even if this term is more appropriate for the description of self-similar geometrical objects rather than statistical distributions). A power law distribution characterizes the absence of a characteristic size : independently of the value of x, the number of realizations larger dans λx is λ -µ times the number of realizations larger than x. In contrast, an exponential for instance or any other functional dependence does not enjoy this self-similarity, as the existence of a characteristic scale destroys this continuous scale invariance property [1]. In words, a power law pdf is such that there is the same proportion of smaller and larger events, whatever the size one is looking at within the power law range.The asymptotic existence of power laws is a well-established fact in statistical physics and critical phenomena with exact solutions available for the 2D Ising model, for selfavoiding walks, for lattice animals, etc.[2], with an abondance of numerical evidence for instance for the distribution of percolation clusters at criticality [3] and for many other models in statistical physics. There is in addition the observation from numerical simulations that simple ``sandpile'' models of spatio-temporal dynamics with strong non-linear behavior [4] give power law distributions of avalanche sizes. Furthermore, precise experiments on critical phenomena confirm the asymptotic existence of power laws, for instance on superfluid helium at the lambda point and on binary mixtures [5]. These are th...

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L'Europe des villes d'après les données de Géopolis

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Two metropolisation gradients in the European system of cities revealed by scaling laws

Two metropolisation gradients in the European system of cities revealed by scaling laws

European urban polycentrism: a multiscale typology

Stretched exponential distributions in nature and economy: “fat tails” with characteristic scales

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