Kinetic Modeling of Nitration of Glycerol

Astuti, Erna; Supranto, Supranto; Rochmadi, Rochmadi; Prasetya, Agus; Ström, Krister; Andersson, Bengt

doi:10.5539/mas.v8n2p78

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This nitration reaction, GlyOH + N 2 O 5 → GlyONO 2 + HNO 3 , is analogous to the aqueous reaction, N 2 O 5 + H 2 O → 2HNO 3 . Although double nitration to DNG is statistically surprising, it has been observed in separate studies as the largest product when glycerol reacts with concentrated nitric acid …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…37 Although double nitration to DNG is statistically surprising, it has been observed in separate studies as the largest product when glycerol reacts with concentrated nitric acid. 70 Product Br 2 was also identified from both Br − solutions upon exposure to N 2 O 5 , but with a lower yield than the sum of MNG and DNG. No product BrNO 2 , Cl 2 , or BrCl were detected in any CIMS experiments, and only a trace amount of ClNO 2 was identified for the THABr + NaCl mixture.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Reactions of N₂O₅ with Salty and Surfactant-Coated Glycerol: Interfacial Conversion of Br^– to Br₂ Mediated by Alkylammonium Cations

et al. 2017

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Gas-liquid scattering and product-yield experiments are used to investigate reactions of NO with glycerol containing Br and surfactant ions. NO oxidizes Br to Br for every solution tested: 2.7 M NaBr, 0.03 M tetrahexylammonium bromide (THABr), 0.03 M THABr + 0.5 M NaBr, 0.03 M THABr + 0.5 M NaCl, 0.03 M THABr + 0.01 M sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 0.01 M cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr). NO also reacts with glycerol itself to produce mono- and dinitroglycerin. Surface tension measurements indicate that 0.03 M THABr and 2.7 M NaBr have similar interfacial Br concentrations, though their bulk Br concentrations differ by 90-fold. We find that twice as much Br is produced in the presence of THA, implying that the conversion of Br to Br is initiated at the interface, perhaps mediated by the charged, hydrophobic pocket within the surface THA cation. The addition of 0.5 M NaBr, 0.5 M NaCl, or 0.01 M SDS to 0.03 M THABr lowers the Br production rate by 23%, 63%, and 67% of the THABr value, respectively. When CTA is substituted for THA, Br production drops to 12% of the THABr value. The generation of Br under such different conditions implies that trace amounts of surface-active alkylammonium ions can catalyze interfacial NO reactions, even when salts and other surfactants are present.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Reactions of N₂O₅ with Salty and Surfactant-Coated Glycerol: Interfacial Conversion of Br^– to Br₂ Mediated by Alkylammonium Cations

et al. 2017

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“…The nitration of glycerol should be carried out in low temperature (10-20 C). Nitration of glycerol to 1,3-dinitroglycerin was studied in the temperature range 10-30 C, the molar ratio of nitric acid to glycerol 1/1 to 7/1, and nitric acid concentration of 69% (Astuti et al 2014b). The maximum yield of nitration is written in Table 7.15.…”

Section: Glycerolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of Glycerol from Biodiesel Industry By-product into Several Higher Value Products

Mufrodi

Astuti

Budiman

et al. 2020

Applied Environmental Science and Engineering for a Sustainable Future

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material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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“…Three steps to make PGN from glycerol are nitration of glycerol, cyclization of 1,3-dinitroglycerin (1,3-DNG) and polymerization of glycidyl nitrate. A thermodynamic study, kinetic modeling and optimum condition of nitration have been described in the previous studies [2][3][4][5]. This paper proposes the optimum condition of cyclization of 1,3-DNG to synthesize glycidyl nitrate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Optimum Conditions for the Formation of Glycidyl Nitrate from 1,3-Dinitroglycerin

Astuti

Supranto

Rochmadi

et al. 2016

KEM

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One of the utilization of glycerol as byproduct of the biodiesel industry is to produce polyglycidyl nitrate, the most energetic polymer. The synthesize of polyglycidil nitrate from glycerol includes three steps: nitration, cyclization and polymerization. The aim of this study is to obtain the optimum conditions of cyclization. The cyclization was carried out in a 5 ml reactor and equipped with Hickman distillation head and nitrogen purge with the variables are mole ratio of sodium hydroxide/glycerol of 1/1 to 1.5/1, reaction temperature of 283.15 to 293.15 K and sodium hydroxide concentration of 15%. Each sample was analyzed by gas chromatography to determine the composition of products. The optimum conditions are temperature of 288.15 K and the mole ratio of sodium hydroxide /glycerol of 1.5.

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Kinetic Modeling of Nitration of Glycerol

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Reactions of N₂O₅ with Salty and Surfactant-Coated Glycerol: Interfacial Conversion of Br^– to Br₂ Mediated by Alkylammonium Cations

Reactions of N₂O₅ with Salty and Surfactant-Coated Glycerol: Interfacial Conversion of Br^– to Br₂ Mediated by Alkylammonium Cations

Utilization of Glycerol from Biodiesel Industry By-product into Several Higher Value Products

Optimum Conditions for the Formation of Glycidyl Nitrate from 1,3-Dinitroglycerin

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Kinetic Modeling of Nitration of Glycerol

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Reactions of N2O5 with Salty and Surfactant-Coated Glycerol: Interfacial Conversion of Br– to Br2 Mediated by Alkylammonium Cations

Reactions of N2O5 with Salty and Surfactant-Coated Glycerol: Interfacial Conversion of Br– to Br2 Mediated by Alkylammonium Cations

Utilization of Glycerol from Biodiesel Industry By-product into Several Higher Value Products

Optimum Conditions for the Formation of Glycidyl Nitrate from 1,3-Dinitroglycerin

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Reactions of N₂O₅ with Salty and Surfactant-Coated Glycerol: Interfacial Conversion of Br^– to Br₂ Mediated by Alkylammonium Cations

Reactions of N₂O₅ with Salty and Surfactant-Coated Glycerol: Interfacial Conversion of Br^– to Br₂ Mediated by Alkylammonium Cations