Kinematic Analysis of Selected Reach Directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test Compared With the Y-Balance Test

Fullam, Karl; Caulfield, Brian; Coughlan, Garrett F.; Delahunt, Eamonn

doi:10.1123/jsr.2012-0114

Cited by 91 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…For instance, anterior-reach distance is greater and associated with less hip flexion at the point of maximal reach when executed from the ground without using a reach indicator than on the Y-Balance Test kit using a reach indicator. 29 This study provided additional insights into the LQ-YBT by highlighting that performance differences also exist between handson-hips and hands-free-to-move protocols, which are both frequently used. In future studies, researchers may seek to compare the kinematics of the LQ-YBT using the 2 hand positions to better understand the movement control of this task.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Clinical Implications of Hand Position and Lower Limb Length Measurement Method on Y-Balance Test Scores and Interpretations

Hébert‐Losier

2017

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context:The Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test (LQ-YBT) was developed to provide an effective and efficient screen for injury risk in sports. Earlier protocol recommendations for the LQ-YBT involved the athlete placing the hands on the hips and the clinician normalizing scores to lower limb length measured from the anterior-superior iliac spine to the lateral malleolus. The updated LQ-YBT protocol recommends the athlete's hands be free moving and the clinician measure lower limb length to the medial malleolus.Objective: To investigate the effect of hand position and lower limb length measurement method on LQ-YBT scores and their interpretation.Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: National Sports Institute of Malaysia. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 46 volunteers, consisting of 23 men (age ¼ 25.7 6 4.6 years, height ¼ 1.70 6 0.05 m, mass ¼ 69.3 6 9.2 kg) and 23 women (age ¼ 23.5 6 2.5 years, height ¼ 1.59 6 0.07 m, mass ¼ 55.7 6 10.6 kg).Intervention(s): Participants performed the LQ-YBT with hands on hips and hands free to move on both lower limbs.Main Outcome Measure(s): In a single-legged stance, participants reached with the contralateral limb in each of the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions 3 times. Maximal reach distances in each direction were normalized to lower limb length measured from the anterior-superior iliac spine to the lateral and medial malleoli. Composite scores (average of the 3 normalized reach distances) and anterior-reach differences (in raw units) were extracted and used to identify participants at risk for injury (ie, anterior-reach difference !4 cm or composite score 94%). Data were analyzed using paired t tests, Fisher exact tests, and magnitude-based inferences (effect size [ES], 690% confidence limits [CLs]).Results: Differences between hand positions in normalized anterior-reach distances were trivial (t 91 ¼À2.075, P ¼ .041; ES ¼ 0.12, 90% CL ¼ 60.10). In contrast, reach distances were greater when the hands moved freely for the normalized posteromedial (t 91 ¼ À6.404, P , .001; ES ¼ 0.42, 90% CL ¼ 60.11), posterolateral (t 91 ¼ À6.052, P , .001; ES ¼ 0.58, 90% CL ¼ 60.16), and composite (t 91 ¼À7.296, P , .001; ES ¼ 0.47, 90% CL ¼ 60.11) scores. A similar proportion of the cohort was classified as at risk with the hands on the hips (35% [n ¼ 16]) and the hands free to move (43% [n ¼ 20]; P ¼ .52). However, the participants classified as at risk with the hands on the hips were not all categorized as at risk with the hands free to move and vice versa. The lower limb length measurement method exerted trivial effects on LQ-YBT outcomes.Conclusions: Hand position exerted nontrivial effects on LQ-YBT outcomes and interpretation, whereas the lower limb length measurement method had trivial effects.Key Words: balance, injury risk, musculoskeletal system, injury prevention Key PointsScientists and clinicians currently use different protocols when administering the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test (LQ-YBT). Hand position (on the hips versus free to move) had a nontr...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Clinical Implications of Hand Position and Lower Limb Length Measurement Method on Y-Balance Test Scores and Interpretations

Hébert‐Losier

2017

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…Fullam et al (Fullam et al, 2014) also found that the healthy population showed less knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion on the SEBT compared with the YBT even though this was not statistically significant. Additionally, a previous study (Robinson & Gribble, 2008) concurred that the hip and knee joint angular displacement in the sagittal plane provided important contributions to performance in selected reach directions of the SEBT.…”

Section: Anterior Reach Directionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Comparison Kinematic Patterns between the Star Excursion Balance Test and Y-Balance Test in Elite Athletes

Ko¹

2017

Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics

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Objective: The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and Y-Balance Test (YBT) have been commonly applied to measure dynamic postural stability ability. These two tests are utilized interchangeably in various settings. However, they could in fact require different movements to assess dynamic postural stability, as one uses a platform and different measuring techniques than the other. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a significant difference in the kinematic patterns in physically active population while performing the SEBT and the YBT.Method: Seventy participants performed in the Anterior (AN), Posteromedial (PM), and Posterolateral (PL) directions of the SEBT and the YBT. The kinematics of hip, knee, and ankle in sagittal plane was calculated and analyzed. Paired-sample t-tests were performed to compare joint angular displacement in the ankle, knee, and hip between the SEBT and the YBT.Results: Significant differences in angular displacement at the hip, knee, and ankle joints in the sagittal plane between performance on the SEBT and on the YBT were observed.Conclusion: Clinicians and researchers should not apply these dynamic postural control tasks interchangeably from one task to another. There appear to be kinematic pattern differences between tests in healthy physical active population.

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“…In contrast, the higher degree of accuracy observed in the detection of abnormal balance during the PM and PL reach directions are expected as these movements require the individual to implement a more complex multi-planar movement strategy. Both the PM and PL reach directions require the individual to reach outside of their base of support while utilising their trunk as a mobile counterlever, involving a combination of complex multi-planar movements occurring at the trunk, pelvis, hips, knee and ankle (Kang et al, 2015, Fullam et al, 2014. This complex multi-planar movement may more comprehensively challenge the integration of the sensorimotor subsystems, resulting in more pronounced strategy changes following the introduction of a balance deficit, thus leading to differences in the IMU data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An additional strategy which has been employed to improve the accuracy and objectivity of the SEBT and YBT is the use of marker based motion analysis and force platform systems, providing information on the control of movement and balance strategy employed during the task (Coughlan et al, 2012, Fullam et al, 2014, Doherty et al, 2015. However, these methods have a number of major limitations, restricting their application in clinical practice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Objective Classification of Dynamic Balance Using a Single Wearable Sensor

O’Reilly¹,

Dolan²,

Reid³

et al. 2016

Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support

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Abstract:The Y Balance Test (YBT) is one of the most commonly used dynamic balance assessments in clinical and research settings. This study sought to investigate the ability of a single lumbar inertial measurement unit (IMU) to discriminate between the three YBT reach directions, and between pre and post-fatigue balance performance during the YBT. Fifteen subjects (age: 23±4, weight: 67.5±8, height: 175±8, BMI: 22±2) were fitted with a lumbar IMU. Three YBTs were performed on the dominant leg at 0, 10 and 20 minutes. A modified Wingate fatiguing intervention was conducted to introduce a balance deficit. This was followed immediately by three post-fatigue YBTs. Features were extracted from the IMU, and used to train and evaluate the random-forest classifiers. Reach direction classification achieved an accuracy of 97.80%, sensitivity of 97.86±0.89% and specificity of 98.90±0.56%. "Normal" and "abnormal" balance performance, as influenced by fatigue, was classified with an accuracy of 61.90%-71.43%, sensitivity of 61.90%-69.04% and specificity of 61.90%-78.57% depending on which reach direction was chosen. These results demonstrate that a single lumbar IMU is capable of accurately distinguishing between the different YBT reach directions and can classify between pre and post-fatigue balance with moderate levels of accuracy.

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Kinematic Analysis of Selected Reach Directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test Compared With the Y-Balance Test

Abstract: Based on these observed results, the authors conclude that test performance on the SEBT and YBT differ in terms of dynamic neuro-muscular demands, as evidenced by differences in reach distances achieved in the ANT reach direction and associated test kinematic profile.

Cited by 91 publications

References 21 publications

Clinical Implications of Hand Position and Lower Limb Length Measurement Method on Y-Balance Test Scores and Interpretations

Clinical Implications of Hand Position and Lower Limb Length Measurement Method on Y-Balance Test Scores and Interpretations

Comparison Kinematic Patterns between the Star Excursion Balance Test and Y-Balance Test in Elite Athletes

Objective Classification of Dynamic Balance Using a Single Wearable Sensor

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