Ketamine Levels in Plasma and Red Blood Cells after Intravenous Administration in the Horse

Roncada, Paola; Romagnoli, Noemi; Spadari, Alessandro; Piscaglia, Fabio; Nigro, V.; Zaghini, Anna

doi:10.1007/s11259-007-0105-5

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

(3 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The extraction of ketamine and norketamine from plasma was more easily achievable than from RBC samples. The good correlation observed between plasma and RBC samples has confirmed what has previously been reported by other authors of dog and horse studies (Roncada et al, 2005(Roncada et al, , 2007. Given the easier handling of plasma samples and the similarity of results obtained from both plasma and RBC, we believe that the quantification of ketamine and norketamine in plasma samples may therefore be preferable.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Ketamine and norketamine assays were carried out according to methods described elsewhere (Gross et al. , 1999; Roncada et al. , 2007).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ketamine and norketamine assays were carried out according to methods described elsewhere (Gross et al, 1999;Roncada et al, 2007). Calibration curves were prepared as previously described by spiking feline blank plasma and RBC with stock solutions of ketamine and norketamine HCl (1 mg ⁄ mL in methanol, LGC Standards S.r.l., Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy) in the range 0.01-10 lg ⁄ mL.…”

Section: Hplc Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and propofol combination administered as ketofol via continuous infusion in cats

Zonca

Ravasio

Gallo

et al. 2012

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The pharmacokinetics of the extemporaneous combination of low doses of ketamine and propofol, known as 'ketofol', frequently used for emergency procedures in humans to achieve safe sedation and analgesia was studied in cats. The study was performed to assess propofol, ketamine and norketamine kinetics in six female cats that received ketamine and propofol (1:1 ratio) as a loading dose (2 mg/kg each, IV) followed by a continuous infusion (10 mg/kg/h each, IV, 25 min of length). Blood samples were collected during the infusion period and up to 24 h afterwards. Drug quantification was achieved by HPLC analysis using UV-visible detection for ketamine and fluorimetric detection for propofol. The pharmacokinetic parameters were deduced by a two-compartment bolus plus infusion model for propofol and ketamine and a monocompartmental model for norketamine. Additional data were derived by a noncompartmental analysis. Propofol and ketamine were quantifiable in most animals until 24 and 8 h after the end of infusion, respectively. Propofol showed a long elimination half-life (t(1/2λ2) 7.55 ± 9.86 h), whereas ketamine was characterized by shorter half-life (t(1/2λ2) 4 ± 3.4 h) owing to its rapid biotransformation into norketamine. The clinical significance of propofol's long elimination half-life and low clearance is negligible when the drug is administered as short-term and low-dosage infusion. The concurrent administration of ketamine and propofol in cats did not produce adverse effects although it was not possible to exclude interference in the metabolism.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Ketamine and norketamine assays were carried out according to methods described elsewhere (Gross et al. , 1999; Roncada et al. , 2007).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hplc Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and propofol combination administered as ketofol via continuous infusion in cats

Zonca

Ravasio

Gallo

et al. 2012

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Previous studies have described the pharmacokinetics of ketamine in plasma and in RBCs in cats, dogs and horses, explaining the great variability in the response of these species to the same drug dosage (Roncada et al . , ; Sori et al . ) but, to the best of our knowledge, no data have been reported in horses regarding the concentrations of romifidine in RBCs after intravenous administration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetic profile and partitioning in red blood cells of romifidine after single intravenous administration in the horse

Romagnoli¹,

Al-Qudah²,

Armorini

et al. 2017

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The aims of this study were to assess the plasma concentrations of romifidine in horses after intravenous injection, to evaluate the red blood cell (RBC) partitioning of the anaesthetic drug, and to improve knowledge regarding its sedative effect in horses describing the pharmacokinetic model. Eight adult Standardbred horses received a single bolus of romifidine at a dosage of 100 μg/kg. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected immediately before romifidine administration (t 0), and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150 and 180 min after injection. A sedation score was recorded at the same time. The romifidine concentrations in plasma and red blood cells were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The plasma and red blood cell concentrations were correlated with the sedation at each time point. Romifidine produced a satisfactory level of sedation in all animals. The sedation was detectable in all horses for up to 105 min. All the animals returned to normal without any behavioural changes at 180 min. The romifidine concentrations in the red blood cells were significantly higher (P < 0.01) at all time points than those in the plasma. The T1/2β was 148.67 ± 61.59 min and body clearance was 22.55 ± 6.67 mL/kg per min. The results showed that after a single bolus administration of romifidine, a partitioning in the RBCs was detected.

show abstract

Pharmacokinetics of xylazine after 2‐, 4‐, and 6‐hr durations of continuous rate infusions in horses

Hopster

Soma

et al. 2020

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Intravenous (i.v.) bolus administration of xylazine (XYL) (0.5 mg/kg) immediately followed by a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of 1 mg kg−1 hr−1 for 2, 4, and 6 hr produced immediate sedation, which lasted throughout the duration of the CRI. Heart rate decreased and blood pressure increased significantly (p > .05) in all horses during the first 15 min of infusion, both returned to and then remained at baseline during the duration of the infusion. Compartmental models were used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of XYL administration. Plasma concentration–time curves following bolus and CRI were best described by a one‐compartment model. No differences were found between pharmacokinetic estimates of the CRIs for the fractional elimination rate constant (Ke), half‐life (t1/2e), volume of distribution (Vd), and clearance (Cl). Median and range were 0.42 (0.15–0.97)/hr, 1.68 (0.87–4.52) hr, 5.85 (2.10–19.34) L/kg, and 28.7 (19.6–39.5) ml min−1 kg−1, respectively. Significant differences were seen for area under the curve ( AUC0∞) (p < .0002) and maximum concentration (Cmax) (p < .04). This indicates that with increasing duration of infusion, XYL may not accumulate in a clinically relevant way and hence no adjustments are required in a longer XYL CRI to maintain a constant level of sedation and a rapid recovery.

show abstract

Ketamine Levels in Plasma and Red Blood Cells after Intravenous Administration in the Horse

Cited by 3 publications

References 2 publications

Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and propofol combination administered as ketofol via continuous infusion in cats

Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and propofol combination administered as ketofol via continuous infusion in cats

Pharmacokinetic profile and partitioning in red blood cells of romifidine after single intravenous administration in the horse

Pharmacokinetics of xylazine after 2‐, 4‐, and 6‐hr durations of continuous rate infusions in horses

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About