Keronopsamides, a New Class of Pigments from Marine Ciliates

Guella, Graziano; Frassanito, Rita; Mancini, Ines; Sandron, Tommaso; Modeo, Letizia; Verni, Franco; Dini, Fernando; Petroni, Giulio

doi:10.1002/ejoc.200900905

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Particularly in P. carnea [64] and in P. erythrina [65], these granules are reported as extrusive organelles. New secondary metabolites, keronopsins and keronopsamides, respectively, produced by P. rubra and P. riccii, were recently isolated together with their sulfate esters (Figure 14) [66,67]. In the case of P. rubra, it was demonstrated that a crude extract of this organism containing keronopsins, A1 and A2, and their sulfate esters B1 and B2, is capable of paralyzing or even killing ciliates and flagellates [66].…”

Section: The Chemical Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For these reasons a defensive function for these secondary metabolites has been proposed; however, no data relative to their cellular localization and mechanism of action are available to date. On the other hand, in the case of P. riccii, the function of the alkaloid secondary metabolite keronopsamide A and its sulfate esters B and C has not been investigated, and the possible localization of the pigments in the cortical granules is only presumed [67]. The most extensively studied species is P. erythrina; previously described as an estuarine one, it was successively found also in the freshwater environment and hence reported as a euryhaline organism [68].…”

Section: The Chemical Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

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Predator-Prey Interactions in Ciliated Protists

Buonanno¹,

Ortenzi²

2021

Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites - Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications

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Protists appeared relatively early in evolution, about 1.8 billion years ago, soon after the first prokaryotic organisms. During this time period, most species developed a variety of behavioral, morphological, and physiological strategies intended to improve the ability to capture prey or to avoid predation. In this scenario, a key role was played by specialized ejectable membrane-bound organelles called extrusomes, which are capable of discharging their content to the outside of the cell in response to various stimuli. The aim of this chapter is to describe the two main strategies adopted in ciliate predatorprey interactions: (a) the first is mediated by mechanical mechanisms and involves, for example, extrusomes called trichocysts and (b) the second is mediated by toxic secondary metabolites and involves different kinds of chemical extrusomes.

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Section: The Chemical Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Chemical Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

Predator-Prey Interactions in Ciliated Protists

Buonanno¹,

Ortenzi²

2021

Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites - Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications

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“…In other studies, the secondary metabolites produced by a ciliate were simply analyzed after rough cell extractions, generally using organic solvents. However, through this procedure, information about the original cell localization of the analyzed substances was lost and not always deducible .…”

Section: Quantitative Effect On the Number Of Extrusome‐deprived Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold‐shock based method to induce the discharge of extrusomes in ciliated protists and its efficiency

Buonanno

Ortenzi

2015

J. Basic Microbiol.

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Extrusomes are ejectable organelles in protists, which are able to discharge their contents to the outside of the cell in response to external stimuli. It is known that a large number of extrusomes functions as organelles for offense or defense in predator-prey interactions among protists and/or microinvertebrates. To date, the main approach to study these interactions was to compare artificially-induced extrusome-deficient cells with normal cells as prey for predators. Commonly applied methods to obtain extrusome-deficient cells use external chemicals, which could alter the viability of cells and/or interfere with the subsequent analysis of the substances (secondary metabolites) contained in the extrusomes. The cold-shock based method here presented has proven to be effective to remove different kinds of extrusomes from several protist species without harming the treated cells and without adding external reagents. This method could be also useful to simplify the related analysis of the chemical nature of the secreted secondary metabolites.

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“…Keronopsamides are likely to occur from 3-bromotyrosine and pyrrole propenoic acid. Guella et al, 2010b …”

Section: Keronopsins and Keronopsamides Of Pseudokeronopsis Rubra Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thraustochytrids and Ciliates

Kornprobst

2014

Encyclopedia of Marine Natural Products

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The article contains sections titled: Taxonomic Position of Thraustochytrids and Overview of the Group Carotenoids of Thraustochytrids Long‐Chain ( n ‐3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Thraustochytrids Long‐Chain Fatty Acid Composition and Phylogeny of Thraustochytrids α‐Glucosylceramides of Thraustochytrids Extracellular Enzymes Introduction to the Chemistry of Ciliates Terpenes of Euplotes Photoreceptor Pigments Keronopsins and Keronopsamides of Pseudokeronopsis rubra and P. ricii

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Keronopsamides, a New Class of Pigments from Marine Ciliates

Cited by 27 publications

References 41 publications

Predator-Prey Interactions in Ciliated Protists

Predator-Prey Interactions in Ciliated Protists

Cold‐shock based method to induce the discharge of extrusomes in ciliated protists and its efficiency

Thraustochytrids and Ciliates

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