Keratin expression in breast cancers

Shao, Mumin; Chan, Stewart Siu-Wa; Yu, Alex M C; Lam, Christopher; Tsang, Julia Y. S.; Lui, Pauline Po Yee; Law, Ben M. F.; Tan, Puay‐Hoon; Tse, Gary M.

doi:10.1007/s00428-012-1289-9

Cited by 85 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…We have demonstrated that CK5/6 gave a higher detection rate than CK14 for BLBC. 61 The cutoffs for its positivity in the literature range from any positive cytoplasmic staining to 20% of tumor cells. 62 EGFR EGFR, also known as HER1, is a member of the HER family.…”

Section: Ck5/6mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical Surrogates for Molecular Classification of Breast Carcinoma: A 2015 Update

Tang¹,

Tse

2016

Archives of Pathology &Amp; Laboratory Medicine

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129

109

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Context.-The pioneering works on molecular classification (MC) by Perou and Sorlie et al in the early 2000s using global gene expression profiling identified 5 intrinsic subtypes of invasive breast cancers (IBCs): luminal A, luminal B, normal breast-like, HER2-enriched, and basallike subtypes, each unique in incidence, survival, and response to therapy. Because the application of gene expression profiling in daily practice is not economical or practical at the present time, many investigators have studied the use of immunohistochemical (IHC) surrogates as a substitute for determining the MC of IBC.Objective.-To discuss the continuing efforts that have been made to develop clinically significant and readily available IHC surrogates for the MC of IBC.Data Sources.-Data were obtained from pertinent peer-reviewed English-language literature.Conclusions.-The most commonly used IHC surrogates are estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), dividing IBC into luminal, HER2, and triple-negative subtypes. The addition of Ki-67, cytokeratin 5, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) separates luminal B from luminal A subtypes, and basal-like subtype from triple-negative breast cancer. More recently, biomarkers such as androgen receptor and p53 have been shown to further stratify these molecular subtypes. Although many studies of IHC-based MC have shown clinical significance similar to gene expression profiling-defined MC, its critical limitations are: (1) a lack of standardization in terminology, (2) a lack of standardization in biomarkers used for each subtype, and (3) the lack of a uniform cutoff for each biomarker. A panel of IHC surrogates for each subtype of IBC is proposed.

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Section: Ck5/6mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical Surrogates for Molecular Classification of Breast Carcinoma: A 2015 Update

Tang¹,

Tse

2016

Archives of Pathology &Amp; Laboratory Medicine

Self Cite

129

109

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“…IHC expression of CK7, CK8, CK18 and CK19 is observed in more than 90% of all breast carcinomas (14). Expression of CK5/6, CK14 and CK20 correlate with high tumor grade.…”

Section: Cytokeratin (Ck)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliable Biomarkers to Identify New and Recurrent Cancer

Sauter¹

2017

Eur J Breast Health

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The breast is the most frequent site of cancer among women in both developed and in developing countries (1). Breast cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer death in women from less developed countries and second most frequent (after lung cancer) among women in developed countries (1). It is increasing in incidence in the developing world due to increased life expectancy, increased urbanization and the adoption of western lifestyles (2). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "Early detection in order to improve breast cancer outcome and survival remains the cornerstone of breast cancer control" (2).In 2017 approximately 41.070 U.S. women are projected to die from breast cancer (3). It is estimated that in 2011 508.000 women worldwide died of breast cancer (2). Although incidence rates are lower in developing regions than in Western Europe and North America, almost 50% of breast cancer cases and 58% of deaths occur in less developed countries (2). Breast cancer survival rates range from over 80% in many developed countries to below 40% in low-income countries (4). The low survival rates in less developed countries are due to later stage at disease presentation, as well as by the lack of adequate diagnosis and treatment facilities.Early detection is crucial to improving the survival of individuals with breast cancer, as survival is inversely related to disease stage (5). An invasive needle or surgical biopsy must be performed when an area of suspicion is identified in order to confirm the presence of malignancy, and most of these invasive biopsies will turn out to be benign (6). The development of non-invasive biomarkers that would distinguish between women with or without breast cancer is highly desirable.Twenty-one percent of all breast cancer deaths worldwide have been attributed to alcohol use, high body mass index (BMI), and physical inactivity (7). Thus, while some breast cancers may be prevented through lifestyle modification strategies, most cannot. Currently known risk factors address only a subset (up to half ) of risk for breast cancer. Biomarkers hold promise to aid breast cancer assessment. A highly predictive biomarker is stable, reproducible, sensitive, specific and easy to detect. Biomarkers can be assessed in tissue and/or body fluids. Eur J Breast Health 2017; 13: 162-7 DOI: 10.5152/ejbh.2017.3635 162 Reliable Biomarkers to Identify New and Recurrent Cancer ABSTRACTBreast cancer is the most frequent cancer detected throughout both the developing and the developed world. Its incidence is on the rise in the developing world. Great strides have been made in developing biomarkers to guide therapy for women diagnosed with breast cancer. Far fewer advances have occurred with biomarker development for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. Standard screening for new and recurrent breast cancer involves clinical breast exam and breast imaging. There are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved noninvasive body fluid tests for the early detection of new or recurrent breast cancer...

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“…Cytokeratins make the cytoplasmic intermediate filaments. These filaments can play an important role in breast carcinoma evaluation [15,17]. Despite extensive analysis of expression of individual CKs in breast cancer, only a few studies have been focused on the high molecular weight CK panels [28,29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cytokeratins (CKs) constitute the largest intermediate filament protein subgroup and represent a multigene family with more than 20 different types of polypeptides that are divided into acidic type I (CK9-CK20) and basic type II (CK1-CK8) keratins [14]. Several studies focused on CK type I (CK14, CK17, CK18, CK19, CK20) and type II (CK5, CK6, CK7, CK8) abundant expression in breast cancer cells and its experimentally well-established role in cancer biology [15][16][17]. However, expression of CK1, a high molecular weight cytokeratin, has been limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating levels and clinical implications of epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratin-1 in women with breast cancer: can their ratio improve the results?

Attallah¹,

El‐Far

Omran

et al. 2014

Tumor Biol.

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Immunohistochemical studies proved that the presence of breast cancer (BrCa) is accompanied by elevated levels of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and decreased levels of cytokeratin-1 (CK1). We, therefore, hypothesize that the serum EMA/CK1 ratio may serve as a promising biomarker for early diagnosis of breast cancer. The circulating levels of EMA and CK1 were determined by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in sera from 102 women with BrCa and 90 women as controls (40 with benign breast disease and 50 healthy). EMA at 130 kDa and CK1 at 67 kDa were identified, purified, and quantified in sera of BrCa patients using ELISA. EMA/CK1 ratio values were found to discriminate BrCa patients from controls (P < 0.0001) with high diagnostic ability (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.901, sensitivity = 82, specificity = 76). The sensitivity and specificity for early-stage (≤ T2) BrCa were 72 and 76%, respectively. The ratio values of patients with late-stage (>T2) tumors were significantly higher than those of patients with early-stage (≤ T2) tumors. Moreover, higher grades (grades 2-3) were associated with higher values than grade 1 tumors. AUC values in different BrCa patients who had early stage, low grade, or size ≤ 2 cm were 0.855, 0.762, and 0.839, respectively. AUC values of patients with positive lymph node or positive distant metastasis were 0.907 and 0.913, respectively. We show for the first time the impact of serum EMA and CK1 ratio in BrCa detection. Differential EMA/CK1 values may serve as a diagnostic marker in early-stage breast cancer patients.

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Keratin expression in breast cancers

Cited by 85 publications

References 35 publications

Immunohistochemical Surrogates for Molecular Classification of Breast Carcinoma: A 2015 Update

Immunohistochemical Surrogates for Molecular Classification of Breast Carcinoma: A 2015 Update

Reliable Biomarkers to Identify New and Recurrent Cancer

Circulating levels and clinical implications of epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratin-1 in women with breast cancer: can their ratio improve the results?

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