Johnson noise thermometry

Qu, Jinping; Benz, Samuel P.; Rogalla, Horst; Tew, Weston L.; White, D. R.; Zhou, Kunli

doi:10.1088/1361-6501/ab3526

Cited by 57 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 153 publications

(265 reference statements)

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“…Classically, for a resistor 𝑅, the voltage fluctuations are given by 〈𝑉 2 〉 = 4 𝑘 𝐵 𝑇 𝑅 ∆𝑓 where 𝑇 is temperature, 𝑅 is the electrical resistance, and ∆𝑓 is the measurement frequency bandwidth. Johnson noise is independent of the material type, size, or shape, operating over a wide frequency band and temperature range, and is thus widely used in fundamental science and applications 27 . In two-terminal mesoscale samples, Johnson noise can be used to measure electronic thermal conductance using self-heating 12,15,28,29 , in which Joule power dissipated in a resistor is balanced by energy loss channels, generating a temperature rise.…”

Section: Thermometry Allows New Experiments Probing Energy Transport ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic thermal transport measurement in low-dimensional materials with graphene non-local noise thermometry

et al. 2021

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In low-dimensional systems, the combination of reduced dimensionality, strong interactions, and topology has led to a growing number of many-body quantum phenomena. Thermal transport, which is sensitive to all energy-carrying degrees of freedom, provides a discriminating probe of emergent excitations in quantum materials. However, thermal transport measurements in low dimensions are dominated by the phonon contribution of the lattice. An experimental approach to isolate the electronic thermal conductance is needed. Here, we show how the measurement of nonlocal voltage fluctuations in a multiterminal device can reveal the electronic heat transported across a mesoscopic bridge made of low-dimensional materials. By using graphene as a noise thermometer, we demonstrate quantitative electronic thermal conductance measurements of graphene and carbon nanotubes up to 70K, achieving a precision of ~𝟏% of the thermal conductance quantum at 𝟓𝐊.

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Section: Thermometry Allows New Experiments Probing Energy Transport ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic thermal transport measurement in low-dimensional materials with graphene non-local noise thermometry

et al. 2021

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“…Understanding of this phenomenon underpins the technique "Dynamic Light Scattering" (DLS), a powerful characterization method for macromolecular systems [2], [3]. The thermal agitation of electrons in a conductor (Johnson-Nyquist noise) [4], [5] has also been implemented in applications such as Johnson noise thermometry [6], [7]. This technique is especially relevant in low-temperature systems because no electric current is required to drive the measure-ment, thereby minimizing heat dissipation in the sample [8], [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noise Power Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles as Measured in Thermal Noise Magnetometry

et al. 2021

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Magnetic nanoparticles have proven to be extremely useful in a broad range of biomedical applications. To ensure optimal efficiency, a precise characterization of these particles is required. Thermal Noise Magnetrometry (TNM) is a recently developed characterization technique that has already been validated against other techniques. TNM offers a unique advantage in that no external excitation of the system is required to drive the measurement. However, the extremely small stochastic signal in the fT range currently limits the accessibility of the method, and a better understanding of the influences of the sample characteristics on the TNM signal is necessary. In this study, we present a theoretical framework to model the magnetic noise power properties of particle ensembles and their signal as measured via TNM. Both intrinsic sample properties (such as the number of particles or their volume) and the geometrical properties of the sample in the setup have been investigated numerically and validated with experiments. It is shown that the noise power depends linearly on the particle concentration, quadratically on the individual particle size, and linearly on the particle size for a constant total amount of magnetic material in the sample. Furthermore, an optimized sample shape is calculated for the given experimental geometry and subsequently 3d printed, giving rise to an 3.5 fold increase in TNM signal from approximately 0.007 to 0.026 pT 2 with less than half of the magnetic material.

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“…However, thermodynamic temperature determination (based on the fundamental properties of thermal fluctuations in conductors) remains a complex and heavy task, for example, the resolution at room temperature of a commercially available Johnson noise thermometer is about 100 mK, reaching micro-Kelvin resolution at cryogenic operation temperatures. 10 At low temperature (4 K), the measurement sensitivity can be improved by using a dc-SQUID magnetometer to determine the change in magnetization of a paramagnetic salt, 11 reaching a resolution of about 100 pK, or by using the Coulomb blockade technique to measure the tunnel current in between metallic islands surrounded by an insulator. 12 However, the applicability of these cryogenic techniques is very limited, and they need electrical interactions with the sample through electrical contacts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-Kelvin Resolution at Room Temperature Using Nanomechanical Thermometry

et al. 2021

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Ultrahigh sensitivity temperature measurement is becoming increasingly relevant for different scientific and technological fields from fundamental physics to high-precision engineering applications. Here, we demonstrate the use of a nanomechanical resonator—free standing silicon nitride membranes with thicknesses in the nanoscale—for room temperature thermometry reaching an unprecedented resolution of 15 μK. These devices were characterized by using an interferometric system at high vacuum, where there are only two possible mechanisms for heat transfer: thermal conductivity and radiation. While the expected behavior should be to decrease the frequency of the mechanical resonance due to the thermoelastic effect, we observe that the nanomechanical response can be both positive and negative depending on the thermal flux: a heat point source always shifts the mechanical resonance to lower frequencies, while a distributed heat source shifts the resonance to higher frequencies.

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Johnson noise thermometry

Cited by 57 publications

References 153 publications

Electronic thermal transport measurement in low-dimensional materials with graphene non-local noise thermometry

Electronic thermal transport measurement in low-dimensional materials with graphene non-local noise thermometry

Noise Power Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles as Measured in Thermal Noise Magnetometry

Micro-Kelvin Resolution at Room Temperature Using Nanomechanical Thermometry

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