Jaw myology and bite force of the monk parakeet (Aves, Psittaciformes)

Carril, Julieta; Degrange, Federico J.; Tambussi, Claudia Patricia

doi:10.1111/joa.12330

Cited by 32 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(109 reference statements)

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“…Modeled Psittacus bite force (61.78N [rostral bite position]–96.44N [caudal bite position]) was greater than the 16.74N reported for Monk Parakeets ( Myiopsitta monachus ) estimated using PCSA by Carril et al () as expected given that the skull of P . erithacus is about twice as large.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Muscle attachment sites were mapped onto models using information from dissection, observation, and the literature (Hofer, ; Abdala and Moro, ; Herrel et al, ; Tokita, ; Holliday, ; Carril et al, ; Fig. ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…). Anatomical details for muscle fiber length and pennation of fibers relative to central axes were measured in Gekko and Psittacus and compared to the literature (e.g., Herrel et al, ; Hieronymus, ; Carril et al, ; Table ) to estimate physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) using equation (Sacks and Roy, ):

PCSA = \frac{V normalM}{l normalf} \times \cos ((), θ),

where V M is the muscle volume, l f is the fiber length, and θ is the pennation angle of the muscle.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Palatal Biomechanics and Its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex

et al. 2019

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The extinct nonavian dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex, considered one of the hardest biting animals ever, is often hypothesized to have exhibited cranial kinesis, or, mobility of cranial joints relative to the braincase. Cranial kinesis in T. rex is a biomechanical paradox in that forcefully biting tetrapods usually possess rigid skulls instead of skulls with movable joints. We tested the biomechanical performance of a tyrannosaur skull using a series of static positions mimicking possible excursions of the palate to evaluate Postural Kinetic Competency in Tyrannosaurus. A functional extant phylogenetic bracket was employed using taxa, which exhibit measurable palatal excursions: Psittacus erithacus (fore–aft movement) and Gekko gecko (mediolateral movement). Static finite element models of Psittacus, Gekko, and Tyrannosaurus were constructed and tested with different palatal postures using anatomically informed material properties, loaded with muscle forces derived from dissection, phylogenetic bracketing, and a sensitivity analysis of muscle architecture and tested in orthal biting simulations using element strain as a proxy for model performance. Extant species models showed lower strains in naturally occurring postures compared to alternatives. We found that fore–aft and neutral models of Tyrannosaurus experienced lower overall strains than mediolaterally shifted models. Protractor muscles dampened palatal strains, while occipital constraints increased strains about palatocranial joints compared to jaw joint constraints. These loading behaviors suggest that even small excursions can strain elements beyond structural failure. Thus, these postural tests of kinesis, along with the robusticity of other cranial features, suggest that the skull of Tyrannosaurus was functionally akinetic. Anat Rec, 303:999–1017, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PCSA = \frac{V normalM}{l normalf} \times \cos ((), θ),

where V M is the muscle volume, l f is the fiber length, and θ is the pennation angle of the muscle.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Palatal Biomechanics and Its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex

et al. 2019

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“…These bones form the rostral portion of the orbit and contribute to the formation of the septum inteorbitale, which lacks of foramen in Psittaciformes. Also, they provide the origin site of the Psittaciformes’ novel adductor muscle ethmomandibularis associated with strong bite forces (Tokita ; Carril et al ), and its early appearance may correspond to the functional importance hypothesis. In addition, based on the functional and size hypothesis, M. monachus shows the acceleration of the hyoid bones basihyale, urohyale, and epibranchiale (characters 30, 31 and 33; Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, according to the size hypothesis, acceleration of the paraglossum and os palatinum would be expected, because they are distinctly large in Psittaciformes. Likewise, an acceleration of the os lacrimale and os squamosum would be expected, as their processus orbitalis and processus postorbitalis, respectively, form the exclusive arcus suborbitalis in some Psittaciformes and its where the novel adductor m. pseudomasseter attaches (Carril et al ). It is notable that in M. monachus , the ossification center of the os lacrimale is located precisely in the processus orbitalis, which is elongated and surrounds ventrally the orbit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skeletogenesis ofMyiopsitta monachus(Psittaciformes) and sequence heterochronies in Aves

Carril

Tambussi

2016

Evolution & Development

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The ossification sequence of Myiopsitta monachus was determined. Myiopsitta has a similar sequence to other altricial birds, with delayed skeletons compared to precocial species. The hindlimbs ossify before the forelimbs, a condition that could be linked to altriciality. To determine the stability of the sequences of ossification across birds, we selected species of different groups of Aves and used event-pairing method and character mapping on a phylogeny. Our results show that the homogeneity in the development of birds was supported by 56.77% of the character states. Event-pair cracking phylogenetic method was applied to identify sequence heterochronies. Results reveal a high number of heterochronies and show that the long bones in limbs may behave as modules. In Myiopsitta, the ossa ectethmoidale and mesethmoidale ossify early. These bones provide the origin site of the Psittaciformes' novel adductor m. ethmomandibularis, associated with strong bite forces, and its acceleration in the sequence may correspond to the functional hypothesis. Also, the early appearance of some hyoid apparatus elements occurs, and could be related to the development of tongue in Psittaciformes and its role in handling food, and is in concordance with the functional and size hypothesis.

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Jaw myology and bite force of the monk parakeet (Aves, Psittaciformes)

Cited by 32 publications

References 34 publications

Palatal Biomechanics and Its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex

Palatal Biomechanics and Its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex

Skeletogenesis ofMyiopsitta monachus(Psittaciformes) and sequence heterochronies in Aves

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