Item strength influences source confidence and alters source memory zROC slopes.

Starns, Jeffrey J.; Ksander, John

doi:10.1037/xlm0000177

Cited by 12 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 45 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A number of investigations have focused on the effects of strengthening a single source on the slope (e.g. ; repeating source A items but not source B items) of the z-transformed ROC (Starns & Ksander, 2016;Starns, Pazzaglia, Rotello, Hautus, & Macmillan, 2013;Yonelinas & Parks, 2007). However, these studies did not explore the extent to which the strength manipulation impaired memory for the items that were not strengthened, which is the focus of the list strength design.…”

Section: The Current Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The list strength effect in source memory: Data and a global matching model

Osth

Fox

McKague

et al. 2018

Journal of Memory and Language

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A critical constraint on models of item recognition comes from the list strength paradigm, in which a proportion of items are strengthened to observe the effect on the non-strengthened items. In item recognition, it has been widely established that increasing list strength does not impair performance, in that performance of a set of items is unaffected by the strength of the other items on the list. However, to date the effects of list strength manipulations have not been measured in the source memory task. We conducted three source memory experiments where items studied in two sources were presented in a pure weak list, where all items were presented once, and a mixed list, where half of the items in both sources were presented four times. Each experiment varied the nature of the testing format. In Experiment 1, in which each study list was only tested on one task (item recognition or source memory), a list strength effect was found in source memory while a null effect was found for item recognition. Experiments 2 and 3 showed robust null list strength effects when either the test phase (Experiment 2) or the analysis (Experiment 3) was restricted to recognized items. An extension of the Osth and Dennis (2015) model was able to account for the results in both tasks in all experiments by assuming that unrecognized items elicit guess responses in the source memory task and that there was low interference among the studied items. The results were also found to be consistent with a variant of the retrieving effectively from memory model (REM;Shiffrin & Steyvers, 1997) that uses ensemble representations.Keywords: recognition memory; source memory; global matching modelsThe list strength effect in source memory: Data and a global matching model A major distinction in episodic memory research concerns the difference between information about learned content and the context in which it occurred. A common memory failure illustrating this distinction is that people remember a fact or detail but have no memory for where they learned the information. The relationship between memory for content and context is studied in the laboratory using the item recognition and source memory paradigms. In the item recognition paradigm, participants study a list of items and at test are asked to discriminate between studied items (targets) and unstudied items (lures). The source memory paradigm presents participants with a set of items in different sources, such as different font colors, studied locations, or sensory modalities. At test, participants judge which source studied items were presented in.A number of computational models of decision making have been developed to explain the relations between item and source memory (e.g.; Banks, 2000;Batchelder & Riefer, 1990; DeCarlo, 2003;Yonelinas, 1999; Hautus, Macmillan, & Rotello, 2008; Glanzer, Hilford, & Kim, 2004;Klauer & Kellen, 2010;Slotnick & Dodson, 2005). These models fall into several frameworks including multivariate signal detection theory, in which participants make ...

show abstract

Section: The Current Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The list strength effect in source memory: Data and a global matching model

Osth

Fox

McKague

et al. 2018

Journal of Memory and Language

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We also note that the same occurs for postdictions of memory performance since context familiarity affects retrospective confidence judgments even when it has no impact on memory accuracy (Hanczakowski, Zawadzka, & Coote, 2014). Recently, Starns, Pazzaglia, Rotello, Hautus, and Macmillan (2013; see also Starns & Ksander, 2016) have shown that stronger memory for an item itself increases participants’ confidence in source decisions concerning the item, even though better memory that an item was presented clearly does not help answering the question about, for example, the voice in which it was presented. Together, all these results show sensitivity of metacognitive monitoring to any type of memory information elicited while making a metacognitive judgment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metamemory in a familiar place: The effects of environmental context on feeling of knowing.

Hanczakowski¹,

Zawadzka²,

Collie³

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgments are judgments of future recognizability of currently inaccessible information. They are known to depend both on the access to partial information about a target of retrieval and on the familiarity of the cue that is used as a memory probe. In the present study we assessed whether FOK judgments could also be shaped by incidental environmental context in which these judgments are made. To this end, we investigated 2 phenomena previously documented in studies on recognition memory—a context familiarity effect and a context reinstatement effect—in the procedure used to investigate FOK judgments. In 2 experiments, we found that FOK judgments increase in the presence of a familiar environmental context. The results of both experiments further revealed still higher FOK judgments when made in the presence of environmental context matching the encoding context of both cue and its associated target. The effect of context familiarity on FOK judgment was paralleled by an effect on the latencies of an unsuccessful memory search, but the effect of context reinstatement was not. Importantly, the elevated feeling of knowing in reinstated and familiar contexts was not accompanied by an increase in the accuracy of those judgments. Together, these results demonstrate that metacognitive processes are shaped by the overall volume of memory information accessed at retrieval, independently of whether this memory information is related to a cue, a target, or a context in which remembering takes place.

show abstract

“…While the majority of source memory models possess the inherent feature or incorporate the post-hoc assumption that source retrieval cannot be performed for unrecognized items, the empirical findings regarding this ability are quite mixed. A number of studies have observed chance-level source accuracy for unrecognized items (Bell, Mieth, & Buchner, 2017;Malejka & Bröder, 2016;Malejka, Ciecior, Möller, & Bröder, 2018;Onyper, Zhang, & Howard, 2010;Slotnick & Dodson, 2005;Yonelinas, 1999), while others have observed above-chance accuracy for such items (Chen, Gomes, & Brainerd, 2018;Osth et al, 2018;Starns et al, 2008;Starns, Pazzaglia, Rotello, Hautus, & Macmillan, 2013;Starns & Ksander, 2016). In an attempt to make sense of this discrepancy, the following sections will provide an overview of the methodological details and empirical results of each of the aforementioned studies.…”

Section: Empirical Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of experiments that have revealed above-chance source accuracy for unrecognized items, a couple have utilized the aforementioned simultaneous design (Starns et al, 2008, Exp. 3;Starns & Ksander, 2016), while many others have utilized a blocked design (Chen et al, 2018;Osth et al, 2018;Starns et al, 2008, Exps. 1 & 2;Starns et al, 2013) that involves a block of recognition testing and a block of source testing being completed in succession (see Figure 3).…”

Section: Empirical Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chen et al (2018) also observed abovechance source accuracy for unrecognized items using a reverse blocked design (i.e., a block of source testing followed by a block of recognition testing) and a unique jumbled design that involved a stream of item and source judgements, with judgments for the same item being separated six or more trials (recognition judgments would precede source judgements for half the items, and the reverse order would occur for the other half). Of the studies mentioned above, some utilized confidence judgments (Osth et al, 2018;Starns et al, 2013;Starns & Ksander, 2016), while others utilized yes-no ratings (Chen et al, 2018;Starns et al, 2008). It is also important to highlight that certain of these experiments have observed above-chance source accuracy for unrecognized items, but only under certain conditions.…”

Section: Empirical Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Does source memory exist for unrecognized items?

Fox¹,

Af²

2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In episodic memory research, there is a debate concerning whether decision-making in recognition and source memory is better explained by models than assume discrete cognitive states, or by models that assume continuous underlying strengths. One aspect in which these classes of models differ is their predictions regarding the ability to retrieve contextual details (or source details) of an experienced event, given that the event itself is not recognized. Discrete state models predict that when items are unrecognized, source retrieval is not possible and only guess responses can be elicited. In contrast, models assuming continuous strengths predict that it is possible to retrieve the source of unrecognized items (albeit with low accuracy). Empirically, there have been numerous studies reporting either chance accuracy or above-chance accuracy for source memory in the absence of recognition. For instance, studies presenting recognition and source judgments for the same item in immediate succession have revealed chance-level accuracy, while studies presenting a block of recognition judgments followed by a block of source judgments have revealed slightly above-chance accuracy. In the present investigation, data from two novel experiments involving multiple design manipulations were investigated using a hierarchical Bayesian signal detection model. Across most conditions it was shown that source accuracy for unrecognized items was slightly above chance. It is suggested that findings of a null effect in the prior literature may be attributable to design elements that hinder source memory as a whole, and to high degrees of uncertainty in the participant-level source data when conditioned on unrecognized items.

show abstract

Item strength influences source confidence and alters source memory zROC slopes.

Cited by 12 publications

References 45 publications

The list strength effect in source memory: Data and a global matching model

The list strength effect in source memory: Data and a global matching model

Metamemory in a familiar place: The effects of environmental context on feeling of knowing.

Does source memory exist for unrecognized items?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About