“Isolation stress” revisited: Isolation-rearing effects depend on animal care methods

Holson, R.Robert; Scallet, Andrew C.; Ali, Syed F.; Turner, Bruce J.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90338-o

Cited by 149 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…due to potentially weaker negative associations with humans). However, in a previous study, rats that had never been handled showed higher anxiety-related scores in open field tests than those handled twice-weekly, indicating that at least in those contrasting handling schedules, experience of handling reduces rats' fear (Holson et al 1991). Also, rats cage-cleaned more frequently settled down more quickly after cagecleaning (Burn et al in press).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…In addition to the potential health benefits, frequent cage-cleaning provides handling experience for the animals, improving handleability (Chantry 1964, Holson et al 1991, and potentially reducing animal stress during experimental, veterinary and husbandry manipulations. Cage-cleaning also allows close inspection of the animals, enabling illnesses and injuries to be discovered and dealt with promptly.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term effects of cage-cleaning frequency and bedding type on laboratory rat health, welfare, and handleability: a cross-laboratory study

et al. 2006

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SummaryCage-cleaning is necessary for a hygienic environment, but since rats communicate using scent, they might suffer if their cages are cleaned too frequently. Male rats (Sprague-Dawley and Wistar) were kept for five months across four animal units. Their cages were cleaned twice-weekly, weekly, or every two weeks, and contained either aspen woodchips or absorbent paper bedding. Aggression, injuries and general health, weight gain, chromodacryorrhoea (a stress-related Harderian gland secretion), handleability, and lung pathology were monitored, as was in-cage ammonia. Cleaning frequency had no clear impact on rat welfare, although frequent cleaning decreased ammonia concentrations and handleability, and non-aggressive skirmishing was highest in weekly cleaned rats. Surprisingly, bedding type did not affect ammonia, but all ammonia readings were unexpectedly low. However, rats kept on aspen had greater sneezing rates and lung pathology than those on paper bedding, but also had higher body weights. The results raise concerns about aspen bedding, which is relatively inert compared with other wood beddings, but nevertheless more harmful than paper. Animal unit significantly affected eight of the 11 variables tested, having interactive effects on five of them. The study also demonstrates the interactive effects of different animal units, casting doubt on the feasibility of standardization. We explored multiple variables of interest, so all findings require confirmation through further work. Nevertheless, cage-cleaning rates seem to affect socially housed male rats little, while bedding type has important effects on rat health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term effects of cage-cleaning frequency and bedding type on laboratory rat health, welfare, and handleability: a cross-laboratory study

et al. 2006

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“…Finally, IR does not affect LI (Feldon et al 1990;Weiss et al 2001). It has been proposed that IR constitutes a chronic stressor (Hatch et al 1965;Holson et al 1991), thereby producing long-term endocrine alterations. Nevertheless, the findings have not been consistent in this regard; IR rats are reported to have increased (Hatch et al 1965;Gamallo et al 1986; I. Weiss and C. Pryce, unpublished observations), decreased (Sanchez et al 1995) or similar (Morinan and Leonard 1980;Gentsch et al 1981;Holson et al 1988Holson et al , 1991 basal levels of corticosterone relative to grouped controls.…”

Section: Social Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The startle reflex is a very plastic response which can be modulated by many factors (see below) and used to evaluate emotional states (Marsh et al 1973;Koch and Schnitzler 1997). In this context, if we consider IR as a type of chronic stressor (Hatch et al 1965;Holson et al 1991), then the modulation of the startle amplitude by IR can represent an interesting tool in its own right to investigate the influence of fear/anxiety states on processes of information filtering.…”

Section: Chronic Effect Of Ms On Acoustic Startle and Ppimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been proposed that IR constitutes a chronic stressor (Hatch et al 1965;Holson et al 1991), thereby producing long-term endocrine alterations. Nevertheless, the findings have not been consistent in this regard; IR rats are reported to have increased (Hatch et al 1965;Gamallo et al 1986; I. Weiss and C. Pryce, unpublished observations), decreased (Sanchez et al 1995) or similar (Morinan and Leonard 1980;Gentsch et al 1981;Holson et al 1988Holson et al , 1991 basal levels of corticosterone relative to grouped controls. Finally, neurochemical alterations have been described after IR, indicating a reduced dopamine turnover in the medial prefrontal cortex and serotoninergic alterations in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala (Jones et al 1991;Fulford and Marsden 1998;Heidbreder et al 2000).…”

Section: Social Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental animal models for sensorimotor gating deficiencies in schizophrenia: a review

2001

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Rationale: In schizophrenia research, the study of animal models has received considerable attention in the past 20 years. The value of animal models in preclinical research is widely recognised, largely because they can provide precious knowledge regarding the neurobiology of schizophrenia and can also be used for developing antipsychotic drugs. Prepulse inhibition (PPI; reduction in startle reflex induced by a prestimulus) is impaired in schizophrenic patients, a finding that has been associated with a loss of sensorimotor gating abilities. In rats, the schizophrenic-like PPI deficit can be induced by pharmacological or surgical manipulations targeting mainly the cortico-meso-limbic circuitry. Objectives: The literature was critically reviewed in an effort to determine the robustness and the relevance for schizophrenia of another category of animal models, based purely on manipulations of the social environment, that encompasses the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. Specifically, we focused our attention on the long-term effects of such environmental models on sensorimotor gating processes as assessed in the PPI paradigm, with an attempt to evaluate their face, predictive and construct validity. Results: Our review of the literature leads to the conclusion that social deprivation performed directly after weaning (~21 days of age) is more likely to be a relevant model for PPI impairments in schizophrenia than pre-weaning manipulations. Conclusions: Although the robustness of such environmental models requires further study, these animal models offer the advantage of avoiding invasive manipulations, which allows for a variety of anatomical, electrophysiological, neuroendocrine or neurochemical investigations in the absence of confounding pharmacological or surgical effects.

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Multiparous species present problems (and possibilities) to developmentalists

Zorrilla¹

1997

Dev. Psychobiol.

288

205

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“Isolation stress” revisited: Isolation-rearing effects depend on animal care methods

Cited by 149 publications

References 55 publications

Long-term effects of cage-cleaning frequency and bedding type on laboratory rat health, welfare, and handleability: a cross-laboratory study

Long-term effects of cage-cleaning frequency and bedding type on laboratory rat health, welfare, and handleability: a cross-laboratory study

Environmental animal models for sensorimotor gating deficiencies in schizophrenia: a review

Multiparous species present problems (and possibilities) to developmentalists

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