Isolation of MERS Coronavirus from a Dromedary Camel, Qatar, 2014

Raj, V. Stalin; Farag, Elmoubasher; Reusken, Chantal; Lamers, Mart M.; Pas, Suzan D.; Voermans, Jolanda J.C.; Smits, Saskia L.; Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E.; Al-Mawlawi, Naema; Al-Romaihi, Hamad Eid; Al-Hajri, Mohammed; El‐Sayed, Ahmed M.; Mohran, Khaled A.; Ghobashy, Hazem; Alhajri, Farhoud; Al-Thani, Mohamed H.; Al-Marri, Salih; El-Maghraby, Mamdouh M.; Koopmans, Marion; Haagmans, Bart L.

doi:10.3201/eid2008.140663

Cited by 172 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…To date, MERS-CoV has been detected in camels from Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Jordan and Kenya,7 8 10 19 20 and it has been shown that humans can acquire MERS-CoV directly from dromedary camels 21. Since camel exposure data (ie, whether the patient owned or raised camels) were gathered for only 204 of the 1250 cases in the database used by this study, we did not include this information in table 2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case characteristics among Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak and non-outbreak cases in Saudi Arabia from 2012 to 2015

et al. 2017

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ObjectivesAs of 1 November 2015, the Saudi Ministry of Health had reported 1273 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS); among these cases, which included 9 outbreaks at several hospitals, 717 (56%) patients recovered, 14 (1%) remain hospitalised and 543 (43%) died. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological, demographic and clinical characteristics that distinguished cases of MERS contracted during outbreaks from those contracted sporadically (ie, non-outbreak) between 2012 and 2015 in Saudi Arabia.DesignData from the Saudi Ministry of Health of confirmed outbreak and non-outbreak cases of MERS coronavirus (CoV) infections from September 2012 through October 2015 were abstracted and analysed. Univariate and descriptive statistical analyses were conducted, and the time between disease onset and confirmation, onset and notification and onset and death were examined.ResultsA total of 1250 patients (aged 0–109 years; mean, 50.825 years) were reported infected with MERS-CoV. Approximately two-thirds of all MERS cases were diagnosed in men for outbreak and non-outbreak cases. Healthcare workers comprised 22% of all MERS cases for outbreak and non-outbreak cases. Nosocomial infections comprised one-third of all Saudi MERS cases; however, nosocomial infections occurred more frequently in outbreak than non-outbreak cases (p<0.001). Patients contracting MERS during an outbreak were significantly more likely to die of MERS (p<0.001).ConclusionsTo date, nosocomial infections have fuelled MERS outbreaks. Given that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a worldwide religious travel destination, localised outbreaks may have massive global implications and effective outbreak preventive measures are needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case characteristics among Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak and non-outbreak cases in Saudi Arabia from 2012 to 2015

et al. 2017

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“…5) and accessory proteins . At least nine MERS-CoV genomes harbour amino acid substitutions in the ribosome binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein and codons 158 (N-terminal region), 460 (RBD), 1020 (in heptad repeat 1), 1202 and 1208 bear investigation as markers of adaptive change (Cotten et al, 2014;Raj et al, 2014a). Studies are needed to determine whether there any functional outcomes on virus replication and transmission due to these and future changes (Cotten et al, 2014).…”

Section: Genomic Variability and Molecular Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Middle East respiratory syndrome: An emerging coronavirus infection tracked by the crowd

Mackay

Arden

2015

Virus Research

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In 2012 in Jordan, infection by a novel coronavirus (CoV) caused the first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). MERS-CoV sequences have since been found in a bat and the virus appears to be enzootic among dromedary camels across the Arabian Peninsula and in parts of Africa. The majority of human cases have occurred in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In humans, the etiologic agent, MERS-CoV, has been detected in severe, mild and influenza-like illness and in those without any obvious signs or symptoms of disease. MERS is often a lower respiratory tract disease associated with fever, cough, breathing difficulties, pneumonia that can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan failure and death among more than a third of those infected. Severe disease is usually found in older males and comorbidities are frequently present in cases of MERS. Compared to SARS, MERS progresses more rapidly to respiratory failure and acute kidney injury, is more often observed as severe disease in patients with underlying illnesses and is more often fatal. MERS-CoV has a broader tropism than SARS-CoV, rapidly triggers cellular damage, employs a different receptor and induces a delayed proinflammatory response in cells. Most human cases have been linked to lapses in infection prevention and control in healthcare settings, with a fifth of virus detections reported among healthcare workers. This review sets out what is currently known about MERS and the MERS-CoV, summarises the new phenomenon of crowd-sourced epidemiology and lists some of the many questions that remain unanswered, nearly three years after the first reported case.

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“…Camels have been acting as mixing vessels for viruses from different hosts (11,22), and they have been shown to have neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV (23-31). In camels testing positive for MERS-CoV, juvenile dromedary camels are often virus-positive, while older camels are more likely to be seropositive and virus-negative (25,27,(31)(32)(33). Serological studies have also indicated that camels can be the natural hosts of MERS-CoV infections, which were established long before the first human MERS-CoV cases were identified (26,28,34,35).…”

Section: Origin and Reservoir Of The Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: current knowledge and future considerations

Malik¹,

Elkholy²,

Khan³

et al. 2016

East Mediterr Health J

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A literature review of publically available information was undertaken to summarize current understanding and gaps in knowledge about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), including its origin, transmission, effective control measures and management. Major databases were searched and relevant published papers and reports during 2012-2015 were reviewed. Of the 2520 publications initially retrieved, 164 were deemed relevant. The collected results suggest that much remains to be discovered about MERS-CoV. Improved surveillance, epidemiological research and development of new therapies and vaccines are important, and the momentum of recent gains in terms of better understanding of disease patterns should be maintained to enable the global community to answer the remaining questions about this disease.

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Isolation of MERS Coronavirus from a Dromedary Camel, Qatar, 2014

Cited by 172 publications

References 15 publications

Case characteristics among Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak and non-outbreak cases in Saudi Arabia from 2012 to 2015

Case characteristics among Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak and non-outbreak cases in Saudi Arabia from 2012 to 2015

Middle East respiratory syndrome: An emerging coronavirus infection tracked by the crowd

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: current knowledge and future considerations

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