Isolation and characterization of somatolactin, a new protein related to growth hormone and prolactin from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) pituitary glands

Rand‐Weaver, Mariann; Noso, Toyohiko; Muramoto, Koji; Kawauchi, Hiroshi

doi:10.1021/bi00220a010

Cited by 129 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Since the discovery of SL (Ono et al 1990, Rand-Weaver et al 1991, no broad-scale phylogenetic analysis of the GH/PRL/SL families has been performed. Furthermore, goldfish SL has been excluded from previous phylogenetic analyses due to its low identity to other SLs (Zhu et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6). Three disulfide bonds are formed among the first two and last four cysteines within the SL molecules, while the third cysteine is not involved in the formation of intra-peptide disulfide bonds (Rand-Weaver et al 1991). The conservation of these six cysteines in both SL and SL suggests that general structure and function are conserved between the two subtypes.…”

Section: Origin Of Sl Paraloguesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cloning of somatolactin alpha and beta cDNAs in zebrafish and phylogenetic analysis of two distinct somatolactin subtypes in fish

Zhu

Stiller²,

Shaner³

et al. 2004

Journal of Endocrinology

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Somatolactin (SL) is a pituitary hormone belonging to the growth hormone/prolactin superfamily, with recognizable homologues in all fish taxa examined to date. Although sequences from most fish share reasonably high sequence identity, several more highly divergent SLs have been reported. Goldfish SL and a second SL protein found in rainbow trout (rtSLP) are remarkably different from each other and also dissimilar to other SLs. It has been unclear whether rtSLP is a recent paralogue restricted to rainbow trout, or reflects a more ancient duplication of the SL gene, and whether it is related to the goldfish sequence. Here we report the cloning of two different zebrafish SL cDNAs, which share only 57·5% nucleotide and 47·7% deduced amino acid identities. One copy, designated zebrafish SL (zfSL ), displays a typical range of sequence similarity to most other SLs. The other copy, zebrafish SL (zfSL ), shows low identity to most other SLs; surprisingly, it is most similar to the divergent SL sequence from goldfish. The mRNAs of zfSL and zfSL were expressed specifically in two distinct regions of the pars intermedia in zebrafish. Cells expressing zfSL are located at the posterior pars intermedia, bordering the neurohypophysis, whereas zfSL is expressed in the anterior part of the pars intermedia, bordering the pars distalis. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that zfSL , goldfish SL and rtSLP all belong to the SL hormone family; however, along with the genes from eel and catfish, these divergent sequences form a group that is clearly distinct from all other SLs. These results suggest the presence of two distinct SL families, SL and SL , which may trace back to a teleost genome duplication prior to divergence of the cyprinids and salmonids.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Origin Of Sl Paraloguesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloning of somatolactin alpha and beta cDNAs in zebrafish and phylogenetic analysis of two distinct somatolactin subtypes in fish

Zhu

Stiller²,

Shaner³

et al. 2004

Journal of Endocrinology

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show abstract

“…Somatolactin (SL) is a recently discovered glycoprotein hormone in fish of GH/prolactin (PRL) superfamily, with significant structural homology in all fish taxa studied to date (Ono et al 1990, Rand-Weaver et al 1991, Chen et al 1994. According to sequence comparisons, it is generally believed that SL and PRL evolved from a common ancestral gene related to GH with two successive rounds of gene duplication before the divergence between vertebrates and invertebrates (Chen et al 1994, Fukamachi & Meyer 2007.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of somatolactin actions by ectopic expression in transgenic zebrafish larvae

Wan¹,

Chan²

2010

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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Somatolactin (SL) is a fish-specific hormone that belongs to the prolactin (PRL) and GH family. Recently, two forms of SL, SLa and SLb, have been found in some species, and may have different actions and functions. To investigate the role of SL in fish growth and metabolism, we generated transgenic fish founders with ectopic expression of SLa and SLb to study the physiological functions and actions of these SLs among several marker genes. We fused the cDNAs encoding the precursor SLs in frame to a zebrafish b-actin gene promoter to generate transgenic zebrafish lines that were coinjected with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the same promoter. The transgenic zebrafish were selected based on GFP expression and confirmed by genomic PCR, Southern blot analysis, and transgene expression. Investigations into the expression of marker genes in larvae on different pathways using real-time PCR have provided a general understanding of the actions of SLs. This study found that the overexpression of SLa and SLb in vivo significantly enhanced the transcription of IGFs, insulin, leptin, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1, and fatty acid synthase, as well as the expression level of vitellogenin and proopiomelanocortin, while causing reduced levels of catalase and glutathione S-transferase in the larvae of transgenic zebrafish.

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“…The advances in recombinant DNA and protein purification technologies in the past 20 years have generated abundant knowledge on the structures of GH, PRL, somatolactin (SL or SMTL), one of the GH family proteins found only in fish (Ono et al 1990, Rand-Weaver et al 1991, and other pituitary hormones in fish. While some of the hormonal and environmental factors that regulate the expression of pituitary hormone genes have been identified in mammals, factors that regulate the expression of these genes in fish remain to be fully determined due to lack of reliable pituitary cell lines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and characterization of five rainbow trout pituitary single-cell clone lines capable of producing pituitary hormones

Chen¹,

Chiou²,

Liao³

et al. 2010

Journal of Endocrinology

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Five single-cell clone lines (mRTP1B, mRTP1E, mRTP1F, mRTP1K, and mRTP2A) have been developed from adult rainbow trout pituitary glands. These cell lines have been maintained in a CO 2 -independent medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for more than 150 passages. At about 150 passages, the doubling time of each single-cell clone in a CO 2 -independent medium supplemented with 10% FBS at 20 8C was 3 . 6G0 . 7, 2 . 8G0 . 7, 3 . 2G0 . 8, 5 . 5G0 . 6, and 6 . 6G0 . 6 days respectively. Each single-cell clone contains 60G2 chromosomes, which is within the range of the 2N chromosome numbers reported for rainbow trout. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that in addition to expressing gh, prolactin (prl ), and estradiol (E 2 ) receptor a (e2ra or esr1) genes, each single-cell clone line also expressed other pituitary-specific genes such as tsh, gonadotropin 1 (gth-1 or fshb), gonadotropin 2 (gth-2 or lhb), somatolactin (sl or smtl ), proopiomelanocortin-B (pomcb), and corticosteroid receptor (cr or nr3c1). Immunocytochemical analysis showed that all the five single-cell clones produced both Gh and Prl. Furthermore, the expression of gh and prl genes in the single-cell clone lines is responsive to induction by E 2 , dexamethasone, and o,p 0 -dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. All together, these results confirm that each of the singlecell clones was derived from rainbow trout pituitary glands. These single-cell clone lines not only can be used to study factors that regulate the expression of pituitary hormone genes, but can also be developed as a rapid screening system for identifying environmental endocrine disruptors.

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Isolation and characterization of somatolactin, a new protein related to growth hormone and prolactin from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) pituitary glands

Cited by 129 publications

References 41 publications

Cloning of somatolactin alpha and beta cDNAs in zebrafish and phylogenetic analysis of two distinct somatolactin subtypes in fish

Cloning of somatolactin alpha and beta cDNAs in zebrafish and phylogenetic analysis of two distinct somatolactin subtypes in fish

A study of somatolactin actions by ectopic expression in transgenic zebrafish larvae

Development and characterization of five rainbow trout pituitary single-cell clone lines capable of producing pituitary hormones

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