Isolation and Characterization of Antibacterial Compounds from Sea Urchin

Abstract

Sea urchin is highly valued seafood. Its bioactive compound also has a potential as natural antibacterial agent. The aim of this research was to screen the antibacterial activity using cup-plate method, toxicity potential using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method, bioactive compound using phytochemical method, and proximate composition by AOAC. This research was devided into two phases, the preliminary research was to determine the best body part of sea urchin showing antibacterial activity. Sea urchins were collected from Pramuka Island and extracted by meseration method. For the preliminary research, gonad extract showed the high antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus at 1.83 ± 0.74 mm and 1.5 mm, respectively. The main research includes the determination of proximate composition, toxicity, bioactive compound, and antibacterial activity from the best body part of sea urchin. The proximate composition from gonad of sea urchin showed that water content 64.97 ± 0.08%; ash 2.72 ± 0.13%; lipid 19.73 ± 0.04%; protein 12.26 ± 0.3%, and 0.33 ± 0.17%, respectively. The detected bioactive compounds from the three different solvents of gonads extracts were steroid, triterpenoid and saponin. The result of lethal toxicity (LC50) from the three gonads extract was 471.861 ppm (n-hexane), 563.226 ppm (ethyl acetate) and 577.531 ppm (methanolic), respectively. Gonads ethyl acetate extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity than n-hexane and methanolic extract, its inhibition zone was 2.71 mm against S. aureus and 4.13 against E. coli. Keyword : Antibacteria, bioactive compound, D. setosum, sea urchin

The Sea Urchin Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck, 1816) from the Mediterranean Sea: A New Natural Source of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Molecules

“…The gonads are rich in bioactive components, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (Robinson and Blair, 2008), carotenoids (Matsuno and Tsushima, 2001), phospholipids (Shikov et al, 2012), sulfated fucans (Biermann and Mourão, 2002) and active polysaccharides (Shikov et al, 2018). The results from this study were more or less comparable to those of Akerina et al (2015) which indicated the presence of steroids and triterpenoids. On the other hand, Sidiqi et al (2019) reported the absence of alkaloids and phenols on sea urchin Diedema setosum.…”

“…The gonads are a source of vitamins, minerals and other micronutrients, the diet of the sea urchin can influence biochemical composition of the gonads (Chen et al, 2010). Sea urchin roes are rich in vitamins (Jinadasa et al, 2016) as the food source comes from different types of algae (Akerina et al, 2015). Vitamin E is an antioxidant, which serves to neutralize free radicals and prevent lipid oxidation (Vasanthi et al, 2012)…”

Antimicrobial agents from sea urchin (Diadema setosum) collected from the Red Sea, Egypt

“…They found that all tested bacteria (S. typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, and V. cholera) were inhibited at 500 µg/ml, as well as, all tested fungi (A. niger, A. flavus, and P. citrinum) except C. albicans were suppressed at 750 µg/ml. Akerina et al (2015) observed preliminary that the gonad extract showed higher antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus at 1.83 mm and 1.5 mm, respectively. Marimuthu et al (2015) also found that the sea urchin ovary extract has the higher zone of inhibition against a few bacteria compared to the conventional antibiotics such as streptomycin, ampicillin, cephalexin and gentamicin.…”

“…Among the microbes tested, the most susceptible strains were P. aeruginosa (minimal inhibitory/bactericidal concentration = 0.08/2.5 mg/mL and A. niger (minimal inhibitory/fungicidal concentration = 0.31/0.63 mg/mL. Akerina et al (2015) detected bioactive compounds from the three different solvents of gonads extracts were steroid, triterpenoid and saponin. Abd El-Karim (2016) detected the suppression effect of 2-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzyl alcohol and tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether.…”

Antibacterial activity of Sunda porcupine quill extract (Hystrix javanica) against Staphylococcus aureus

“…The research design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with seven treatment concentrations of porcupine quill extract and two replications per concentration. The well diffusion method was utilized to evaluate antibacterial activity against test microorganisms (Akerina et al, 2015). Wells with a diameter of 3 mm were drilled in MHA that had been combined with a suspension of S. aureus test bacteria using a sterile dropper.…”