“…In land use optimization, there are many mature nonlinear optimization algorithms, such as the simulated annealing algorithm (Hammouri, Braik, Al‐Betar, & Awadallah, 2020), the genetic algorithm (Tian, Li, Han, Liu, & Mo, 2020), and the particle swarm optimization algorithm (Mirghaed, Mohammadzadeh, Salmanmahiny, & Mirkarimi, 2020). However, these models require configuring the land use type for each grid unit in sequence during optimization and performing many iterations, which is not conducive to achieving a significant reduction in optimization time.…”