“…Second, the Gini approach cannot pinpoint the underlying reasons for voting differences across provinces (for example, whether it is a compositional effect, provincial effect, and so forth). Third, although the Gini method has become the most common measure of nationalization, there are debates regarding whether it should be standardized to account for the number and size of jurisdictions (see Bochsler, 2010; Golosov, 2016; Jones and Mainwaring, 2003) and whether the measure is overly sensitive to changes in the middle of the distribution (see Gastwirth, 2017). Finally, the measures of supply and demand presented here are not completely independent of one another: a party can win votes only where it fields a candidate; parties are most likely to field candidates where they think they will win votes; and the more candidates a party fields, the more votes it will win.…”