Is proximity to a food retail store associated with diet and BMI in Glasgow, Scotland?

Macdonald, Laura; Ellaway, Anne; Ball, Kylie; MacIntyre, Sally

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-464

Cited by 54 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…[12][13][14][15][16] Results of this research are equivocal. A review by Beaulac et al 17 found that clear disparities in food access exist by income and race in many municipalities in the United States, but not elsewhere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Food deserts in Winnipeg, Canada: a novel method for measuring a complex and contested construct

Slater

Epp-Koop²,

Jakilazek

et al. 2017

Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can

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Introduction “Food deserts” have emerged over the past 20 years as spaces of concern for communities, public health authorities and researchers because of their potential negative impact on dietary quality and subsequent health outcomes. Food deserts are residential geographic spaces, typically in urban settings, where low-income residents have limited or no access to retail food establishments with sufficient variety at affordable cost. Research on food deserts presents methodological challenges including retail food store identification and classification, identification of low-income populations, and transportation and proximity metrics. Furthermore, the complex methods often used in food desert research can be difficult to reproduce and communicate to key stakeholders. To address these challenges, this study sought to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a simple and reproducible method of identifying food deserts using data easily available in the Canadian context. Methods This study was conducted in Winnipeg, Canada in 2014. Food retail establishments were identified from Yellow Pages and verified by public health dietitians. We calculated two scenarios of food deserts based on location of the lowest-income quintile population: (a) living ≥ 500 m from a national chain grocery store, or (b) living ≥ 500 m from a national chain grocery store or a full-service grocery store. Results The number of low-income residents living in a food desert ranged from 64 574 to 104 335, depending on the scenario used. Conclusion This study shows that food deserts affect a significant proportion of the Winnipeg population, and while concentrated in the urban core, exist in suburban neighbourhoods also. The methods utilized represent an accessible and transparent, reproducible process for identifying food deserts. These methods can be used for costeffective, periodic surveillance and meaningful engagement with communities, retailers and policy makers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Food deserts in Winnipeg, Canada: a novel method for measuring a complex and contested construct

Slater

Epp-Koop²,

Jakilazek

et al. 2017

Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can

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“…All 6 resulting models adjusted fully for the following potential confounders: age, sex, marital status, qualification (based on National Vocational Qualification level), ethnicity, time budget, and neighborhood deprivation. Because previous studies have found sex differences in the relationship between food environment exposure and dietary intake (15,(44)(45)(46), the interactions between sex and exposure were included in preliminary analyses, but they were excluded from each of the 6 models because they were not significant (P values ranged from 0.141 to 0.972).…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A large majority of studies have used global regression to model the association between exposure to either healthy or unhealthy food environments and diet-related outcomes (2,3). However, reviews have highlighted the lack of consistency in findings (2, 3), with associations for the same type of relationship being positive (4-10), negative (11), or nonexistent (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Local Food Environment and Fruit and Vegetable Intake: A Geographically Weighted Regression Approach in the ORiEL Study

Clary¹,

Lewis²,

Flint³

et al. 2016

Am. J. Epidemiol.

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Studies that explore associations between the local food environment and diet routinely use global regression models, which assume that relationships are invariant across space, yet such stationarity assumptions have been little tested. We used global and geographically weighted regression models to explore associations between the residential food environment and fruit and vegetable intake. Analyses were performed in 4 boroughs of London, United Kingdom, using data collected between April 2012 and July 2012 from 969 adults in the Olympic Regeneration in East London Study. Exposures were assessed both as absolute densities of healthy and unhealthy outlets, taken separately, and as a relative measure (proportion of total outlets classified as healthy). Overall, local models performed better than global models (lower Akaike information criterion). Locally estimated coefficients varied across space, regardless of the type of exposure measure, although changes of sign were observed only when absolute measures were used. Despite findings from global models showing significant associations between the relative measure and fruit and vegetable intake (β = 0.022; P < 0.01) only, geographically weighted regression models using absolute measures outperformed models using relative measures. This study suggests that greater attention should be given to nonstationary relationships between the food environment and diet. It further challenges the idea that a single measure of exposure, whether relative or absolute, can reflect the many ways the food environment may shape health behaviors. absolute exposure; fruit and vegetable intake; geographically weighted regression; local food environment; nonstationarity; relative exposure Abbreviations: AICc, corrected Akaike information criterion; GWR, geographically weighted regression; ORiEL, Olympic Regeneration in East London.Over the last decade, an extensive body of research has investigated how the local food environment may be related to dietary behaviors (1). A large majority of studies have used global regression to model the association between exposure to either healthy or unhealthy food environments and diet-related outcomes (2, 3). However, reviews have highlighted the lack of consistency in findings (2, 3), with associations for the same type of relationship being positive (4-10), negative (11), or nonexistent (12-18).By using global regression models, researchers have implicitly relied on the assumption of a stationary relationship; that is, parameter estimates describe what is assumed to be an invariant relationship across space. However, public health researchers have begun to challenge the stationarity assumption. Using spatial regression modeling, such as geographically weighted regression (GWR), a technique that allows for spatial variations in parameter estimates (19,20), investigators have highlighted variations in associations across space between a range of environmental exposures and outcomes such as diet (21), obesity (22-27), active transportation (28), and bi...

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“…We used data from the Greater Glasgow Health Board (GGHB) 'Health and Well-Being Survey' (HWB 2002: Jones et al, 2003Macdonald et al, 2011). The HWB sample was stratified proportionately by local authority and deprivation category (DEPCAT), with addresses selected randomly.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Street connectivity and obesity in Glasgow, Scotland: Impact of age, sex and socioeconomic position

et al. 2012

Self Cite

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This study investigated associations of street connectivity with body mass index (BMI), and whether these associations varied by sex, age and socioeconomic position, amongst adults in Glasgow, Scotland. Data on socio-demographic variables, height and weight were collected from 1062 participants in the Greater Glasgow Health and Well-being Study, and linked with neighbourhood-level census and geo-referenced data on area level deprivation and street connectivity. Results of multilevel models showed that, after adjustment for individual level covariates, street connectivity was not significantly associated with either BMI or BMI category; nor were there any significant interactions between age, sex or socioeconomic position and street connectivity.

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Is proximity to a food retail store associated with diet and BMI in Glasgow, Scotland?

Cited by 54 publications

References 43 publications

Food deserts in Winnipeg, Canada: a novel method for measuring a complex and contested construct

Food deserts in Winnipeg, Canada: a novel method for measuring a complex and contested construct

The Local Food Environment and Fruit and Vegetable Intake: A Geographically Weighted Regression Approach in the ORiEL Study

Street connectivity and obesity in Glasgow, Scotland: Impact of age, sex and socioeconomic position

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