Is a standalone inertial measurement unit accurate and precise enough for quantification of movement symmetry in the horse?

Brighton, Charlotte; Olsen, E. G. J.; Pfau, Thilo

doi:10.1080/10255842.2013.819857

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Inertial sensors are constantly decreasing in cost. We have recently compared our reference inertial measurement unit system with a considerably cheaper system and found that SI up can be quantified with both systems with reasonable precision. With cheaper sensor systems, quantification of long‐term changes in movement symmetry in a large number of horses, for example to establish the efficacy of treatment or rehabilitation regimens, may become more commonplace and contribute to evidence‐based decision making.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying optimal parameters for quantification of changes in pelvic movement symmetry as a response to diagnostic analgesia in the hindlimbs of horses

Pfau

Spicer‐Jenkins

Smith

et al. 2014

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Several pelvic parameters are suitable for objective quantification of changes after diagnostic analgesia in hindlimb-lame horses. A change of 9-13% per lameness grade can be expected. Upward movement of the tubera coxae is the most sensitive objective measure for quantifying a response to diagnostic analgesia. However, when assessed visually, this measure requires simultaneous focusing on pelvic and limb movements. Other parameters that show a similar response might be more easily perceived, requiring only assessment of tubera coxae range of motion or downward displacement of the sacrum without simultaneous focus on limb movement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying optimal parameters for quantification of changes in pelvic movement symmetry as a response to diagnostic analgesia in the hindlimbs of horses

Pfau

Spicer‐Jenkins

Smith

et al. 2014

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…IMUs have been applied extensively and successfully for human motion capture applications, particularly in healthcare [ 23 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 45 ] and sports [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. In equine research, inertial sensor systems are also quickly gaining popularity [ 34 , 52 , 53 ], particularly for objective lameness assessment [ 8 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. Some older systems only used a single-axis accelerometer and/or gyroscope, which means that those systems rely only on one-dimensional data.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For human motion capture applications, IMU technology has been validated using OMC systems [ 23 , 49 , 50 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ] and normal video recordings [ 60 ]. So far, the IMU-based horse gait analysis systems have only been sparsely evaluated: there is work comparing IMU-based systems with subjective assessment [ 7 , 8 , 61 , 62 , 63 ], there is work comparing IMU-based systems with force platform systems [ 62 , 64 , 65 ], and there are studies comparing between IMU-based kinematic systems [ 30 , 66 , 67 ]. However, the agreement of IMU-based and OMC-based kinematic horse gait analysis systems is barely explored: earlier work is either limited to stride timing or frequency [ 28 ], limited to upper-body [ 32 , 34 ], limited to limb measurements [ 68 , 69 ], or performs no agreement analysis [ 34 , 70 , 71 ].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inertial measurement units (IMUs) [ 25 ] have been considered as a promising cost-effective alternative to OMC systems [ 8 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. By rigidly attaching an IMU to a body segment, the orientation and (less reliably) the displacement of that body segment can be determined, making a set of these devices applicable as a kinematic measurement system [ 34 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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EquiMoves: A Wireless Networked Inertial Measurement System for Objective Examination of Horse Gait

Bosch

Bragança

Marin-Perianu³

et al. 2018

Sensors

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In this paper, we describe and validate the EquiMoves system, which aims to support equine veterinarians in assessing lameness and gait performance in horses. The system works by capturing horse motion from up to eight synchronized wireless inertial measurement units. It can be used in various equine gait modes, and analyzes both upper-body and limb movements. The validation against an optical motion capture system is based on a Bland–Altman analysis that illustrates the agreement between the two systems. The sagittal kinematic results (protraction, retraction, and sagittal range of motion) show limits of agreement of ±2.3 degrees and an absolute bias of 0.3 degrees in the worst case. The coronal kinematic results (adduction, abduction, and coronal range of motion) show limits of agreement of −8.8 and 8.1 degrees, and an absolute bias of 0.4 degrees in the worst case. The worse coronal kinematic results are most likely caused by the optical system setup (depth perception difficulty and suboptimal marker placement). The upper-body symmetry results show no significant bias in the agreement between the two systems; in most cases, the agreement is within ±5 mm. On a trial-level basis, the limits of agreement for withers and sacrum are within ±2 mm, meaning that the system can properly quantify motion asymmetry. Overall, the bias for all symmetry-related results is less than 1 mm, which is important for reproducibility and further comparison to other systems.

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“…Initial studies have demonstrated IMUs’ benefit as a clinical tool in equine science [38,39,40,41,42]. However, to make such measurements necessitates precise and well-characterized instruments that are validated in the intended use environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GaitKeeper: A System for Measuring Canine Gait

Ladha

O'Sullivan

Belshaw

et al. 2017

Sensors

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It is understood gait has the potential to be used as a window into neurodegenerative disorders, identify markers of subclinical pathology, inform diagnostic algorithms of disease progression and measure the efficacy of interventions. Dogs’ gaits are frequently assessed in a veterinary setting to detect signs of lameness. Despite this, a reliable, affordable and objective method to assess lameness in dogs is lacking. Most described canine lameness assessments are subjective, unvalidated and at high risk of bias. This means reliable, early detection of canine gait abnormalities is challenging, which may have detrimental implications for dogs’ welfare. In this paper, we draw from approaches and technologies used in human movement science and describe a system for objectively measuring temporal gait characteristics in dogs (step-time, swing-time, stance-time). Asymmetries and variabilities in these characteristics are of known clinical significance when assessing lameness but presently may only be assessed on coarse scales or under highly instrumented environments. The system consists an inertial measurement unit, containing a 3-axis accelerometer and gyroscope coupled with a standardized walking course. The measurement unit is attached to each leg of the dog under assessment before it is walked around the course. The data by the measurement unit is then processed to identify steps and subsequently, micro-gait characteristics. This method has been tested on a cohort of 19 healthy dogs of various breeds ranging in height from 34.2 cm to 84.9 cm. We report the system as capable of making precise step delineations with detections of initial and final contact times of foot-to-floor to a mean precision of 0.011 s and 0.048 s, respectively. Results are based on analysis of 12,678 foot falls and we report a sensitivity, positive predictive value and F-score of 0.81, 0.83 and 0.82 respectively. To investigate the effect of gait on system performance, the approach was tested in both walking and trotting with no significant performance deviation with 7249 steps reported for a walking gait and 4977 for a trotting gait. The number of steps reported for each leg were approximately equal and this consistency was true in both walking and trotting gaits. In the walking gait 1965, 1790, 1726 and 1768 steps were reported for the front left, front right, hind left and hind right legs respectively. 1361, 1250, 1176 and 1190 steps were reported for each of the four legs in the trotting gait. The proposed system is a pragmatic and precise solution for obtaining objective measurements of canine gait. With further development, it promises potential for a wide range of applications in both research and clinical practice.

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Is a standalone inertial measurement unit accurate and precise enough for quantification of movement symmetry in the horse?

Cited by 8 publications

References 35 publications

Identifying optimal parameters for quantification of changes in pelvic movement symmetry as a response to diagnostic analgesia in the hindlimbs of horses

Identifying optimal parameters for quantification of changes in pelvic movement symmetry as a response to diagnostic analgesia in the hindlimbs of horses

EquiMoves: A Wireless Networked Inertial Measurement System for Objective Examination of Horse Gait

GaitKeeper: A System for Measuring Canine Gait

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