Investigative methods for the characterisation of historic mortars—Part 2: Chemical characterisation

Middendorf, Bernhard; Hughes, John Jay; Callebaut, K; Baronio, G.; Papayianni, I.

doi:10.1007/bf02479290

Cited by 78 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Today all experts agree that a precise damage diagnosis is a prerequisite for understanding the causes, processes, and characteristics of stone damage and for sustainable monument preservation (Fitzner, Heinrichs, & La Bouchardiere, ). In the last few decades, interdisciplinary research and new technologies have been introduced in damage diagnosis and monument preservation activities (Bruni, Cariati, Fermo, Pozzi, & Toniolo, ; Middendorf, Hughe, Callebaut, Baronio, & Papayianni, , b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of rammed‐earth materials from the XVIth century Badii Palace in Marrakech, Morocco to ensure authentic and reliable restoration

et al. 2018

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Thirty rammed‐earth and coating materials collected from the Badii Palace wall in Marrakech were investigated for their particle size, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics. This was done in order to assess the original methods employed—and the provenance of the earth products used—during the Saadian period (XVIth century) construction of the palace. Differences in composition between the rammed‐earth and coating materials (and comparison with the local raw materials) suggest a different origin for these two materials. A high compositional similarity between the coating material and the corresponding rammed‐ earth is observed for the samples collected from well‐preserved walls. However, incompatibility between rammed earth and coatings was observed in many parts of the wall where the original coated materials have deteriorated by natural weathering and by the corrosive action of atmospheric pollution. The composition of coating material currently used for restoration shows the same incompatibility with the substrate and this is probably related to the same degradation problems. Finally, the influence of the semiarid climate in the degradation process is discussed. This study indicates constraints on the selection of the most suitable materials for sustainable restoration of these historic buildings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of rammed‐earth materials from the XVIth century Badii Palace in Marrakech, Morocco to ensure authentic and reliable restoration

et al. 2018

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“…Mechanical properties depend on the binder type, aggregate versus binder ratio, grain size distribution and many other factors (Barsottelli et al 2001;Sinan 2003;Pecchioni et al 2005;Pavia et al 2006;Siegesmund et al 2007;Pavia and Toomey 2008). Chemical composition and longterm changes in mineralogy also influence the durability of mortars (Middendorf et al 2005b;Bultrini et al 2006;Tunçoku and Caner-Saltik 2006;Budak et al 2008). Although we have a thorough knowledge of historic mortars, relatively fewer studies have dealt with the recent repair mortars (Barsottelli et al 2001;Hanley and Pavia 2008;Prikryl and Š tastná 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…salt efflorescence, different mechanical behaviour Van Hees et al 2004) new materials have been developed and used in restoration practice, such as lime-based repair mortars and other artificial types of stones. Although mortars have been tested in many ways and a suggested methodology outlined for testing mineralogical characterization (Middendorf et al 2005a) or chemical composition (Middendorf et al 2005b), testing the physical properties and durability of mortars according to European Norms has not been finalized yet, especially in terms of compatibility with stone and the long-term behaviour of the repaired mortar/stone interface. Previous studies dealt with the compatibility of limestone and repair mortar (Papayianni et al 2008;Beck and Al-Mukhtar 2008) by assessing the physicochemical properties of both materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-dependent changes in the strength of repair mortar used in the loss compensation of stone

Szemerey-Kiss

Török

2011

Environ Earth Sci

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Repair mortar and mixture of repair mortar with porous limestone sand aggregate were tested under laboratory conditions. Water absorption properties and micro-fabric analyses with a combination of strength tests were applied to assess the durability and compatibility of repair mortar with porous limestone. Uniaxial compressive strength and flexural strength were measured after 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90 days of casting. Durability was tested by comparing strength test results of samples kept air dry, water saturated, dried in drying chamber, freeze-thaw and nonstandardized freeze-thaw cycles. The results indicate that with time various trends in strength were observed. In general, limestone aggregate content decreases more the compressive strength more than the flexural strength of the mortar. Standardized freeze-thaw tests of saturated samples caused a rapid material loss after 25 cycles, while freeze-thaw tests of undersaturated samples demonstrated that even after 100 cycles the test specimens still have a significant strength. Water-saturated samples that contain 50% of limestone aggregate have a 50% loss of strength in comparison with saturated repair mortar, while air-dry and water-saturated repair mortar has a minor strength difference after 90 days. The use of smaller amounts of porous limestone aggregate in repair mortar allow the preparation of repairs that are compatible with the monuments of Central Europe that were constructed from porous limestone.

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“…Usually, the main components of these soft nodules comes from carbonate rock sources (dolomite or limestone) (Bakolas et al, 1995), and the minor components of the siliciclastic material source are aluminosilicates. According to this, the lime-lumps have a chemical signature correlated with the main source of the raw materials that compose the lime plaster (Bakolas et al, 1995;Middendorf et al, 2005b;Barba et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Calcareous fossil inclusions and rock-source of Maya lime plaster from the Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque, Mexico

Riquelme

Alvarado‐Ortega

Cuevas-García

et al. 2012

Journal of Archaeological Science

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Investigative methods for the characterisation of historic mortars—Part 2: Chemical characterisation

Cited by 78 publications

References 3 publications

Characterization of rammed‐earth materials from the XVIth century Badii Palace in Marrakech, Morocco to ensure authentic and reliable restoration

Characterization of rammed‐earth materials from the XVIth century Badii Palace in Marrakech, Morocco to ensure authentic and reliable restoration

Time-dependent changes in the strength of repair mortar used in the loss compensation of stone

Calcareous fossil inclusions and rock-source of Maya lime plaster from the Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque, Mexico

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