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Cited by 27 publications
(27 citation statements)
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“…However, the bio-oils produced by liquefaction or fast pyrolysis have very high oxygen contents (up to 50 wt %), which not only decrease energy density to a value lower than that of petroleum fuel by a factor of two (17 kJ/kg versus 40 kJ/kg), but also result in high viscosity, low pH values, and poor chemical stability. For these reasons, bio-oil cannot be blended with petroleum distillates or used directly in engines [ 4 , 5 ]. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), catalytic pyrolysis, and steam reforming are commonly used techniques for bio-oil upgrading, among which HDO is the most widely studied and promising method for increasing the H/C ratio and decreasing the O/C magnitude [ 6 , 7 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the bio-oils produced by liquefaction or fast pyrolysis have very high oxygen contents (up to 50 wt %), which not only decrease energy density to a value lower than that of petroleum fuel by a factor of two (17 kJ/kg versus 40 kJ/kg), but also result in high viscosity, low pH values, and poor chemical stability. For these reasons, bio-oil cannot be blended with petroleum distillates or used directly in engines [ 4 , 5 ]. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), catalytic pyrolysis, and steam reforming are commonly used techniques for bio-oil upgrading, among which HDO is the most widely studied and promising method for increasing the H/C ratio and decreasing the O/C magnitude [ 6 , 7 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Many catalysts have been tested in HDO of bio-oils, including noble metals such as Pt or Pd, ,, or non-noble metals such as Mo, Co, , or Ni and presulfided NiMo or CoMo, ,, which are typically supported on alumina . These catalysts were tested in numerous studies using model compounds ,, and actual feedstocks. …”
Section: Bio-oil Upgrading Processesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The demethoxylation reaction (DMO) produces the removal of the −O–CH 3 methoxy group present in structures such as methyl ethers (R–O–CH 3 and Ar–O–CH 3 ), where Ar– represents phenyl or some other aryl groups, as mentioned in section 3.3 . Consequently, methanol is formed and the deoxygenated products are again characterized by having one carbon atom per molecule less than the parent oxygenated compound. , …”
Section: Chemical Reactions Involved In Bio-oil Upgradingmentioning
confidence: 99%
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