Investigation of Whole and Glandular Saliva as a Biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis

Cui, Yangyang; Zhang, Hankun; Zhu, Jia; Liao, Zhenhua; Wang, Song; Liu, Weiqiang

doi:10.3390/brainsci12050595

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…It was observed in our study that cortisol depicted an AUC of 0.897 and Aβ42 with an AUC of 0.718, suggesting that both are candidate biomarkers of equal e cacy for Generalised Anxiety Disorders as well as periodontal in ammation which was in accordance to the ROC analysis performed by Yangyang Cui et al in 2022 for evaluating the predictive value of Aβ42 levels, the AUC was 0.848 [25].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Expression of Serum Cortisol and Aβ42 in the Prediction of Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease in Patients with Generalised Anxiety Disorders and Stage III/IV Periodontitis

Kesavaram,

Cholan,

Victor

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Objectives: Biochemical inflammatory mediators play a salient role in the pathogenesis as well as inflammatory responses of periodontitis initiated by microbial dysbiosis, linking chronic periodontitis to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of the current study is to assess and correlate the role of serum cortisol and Aβ42 in the prediction of early onset Alzheimer's Disease in patients with and without Generalised Anxiety Disorders and Stage III/IV periodontitis. Materials and methods : 56 patients were enrolled based on the inclusion criteria into four groups with clinically healthy gingiva and Stage III/IV Periodontitis with and without generalised anxiety disorders. A full mouth periodontal examination was done and DASS-21 scores were recorded. ELISA was done to quantify the levels of serum cortisol and Aβ42. Results: Cortisol and Aβ42 levels were found to be expressed in the serum of all subjects in the four groups. The levels of assessed biomarkers were the least (Serum Cortisol: 2.57 ± 0.84, Serum Aβ42: 10.57 ± 6.49) in Group I (systemically healthy subjects with clinically healthy gingiva) and highly elevated (Serum Cortisol: 5.36 ± 3.22, Serum Aβ42: 57.64 ± 56.62) in Group IV (Generalised Anxiety Disorder with Generalised Stage III/IV Periodontitis). The clinical parameters of periodontal disease such as PI, mSBI, PPD, CAL, total number of teeth, DASS-21 depicted a significantly positive correlation with Cortisol as well as Aβ42. Conclusions: The present study suggests that a triad consisting of stress induced serum cortisol, Aβ42 along with clinical periodontal parameters could be useful predictive markers for quantifying the risk of developing Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease (EOAD).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Expression of Serum Cortisol and Aβ42 in the Prediction of Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease in Patients with Generalised Anxiety Disorders and Stage III/IV Periodontitis

Kesavaram,

Cholan,

Victor

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Finally, samples were transported to the laboratory and centrifuged at −20 °C for future use. The saliva collection process is consistent with that used in our previous study [ 28 , 29 ]. In this study, the whole saliva was collected.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Obtaining a Reliable Diagnostic Biomarker for Diabetes Mellitus by Standardizing Salivary Glucose Measurements

et al. 2022

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Salivary glucose is frequently utilized in diabetes mellitus (DM), and it might be proposed as a potential biomarker candidate for DM, as it is non-invasive and cost-effective and achieves adequate diagnostic performance for DM patients. However, salivary glucose levels may change under specific conditions. It is consequently essential to maintain a consistent strategy for measuring saliva, taking into account the possibility of external factors influencing salivary glucose levels. In this study, we analyzed salivary glucose levels under different handling conditions and donor-dependent factors, including age, interdiurnal variations, and collection and processing methods. A structured questionnaire was used to determine the symptoms and predisposing factors of DM. The glucose oxidase peroxidase method was used to estimate glucose levels in the blood and saliva of people in a fasting state. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of such conditions on salivary glucose levels. We found that these extraneous variables should be taken into account in the future when salivary glucose is used as a predictive biomarker for DM.

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“…Furthermore, a cohort with meticulous characterization and clinical assessment was used to compare the cortisol expression of whole saliva and glandular saliva. The results show that different collection procedures produce significant disparities in saliva cortisol snapshots [ 46 ]. The findings of this study also show that different saliva collecting procedures produce significant changes in snapshots of saliva biomarkers for depression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulated Parotid Saliva Is a Better Method for Depression Prediction

et al. 2022

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Background: Saliva cortisol is considered to be a biomarker of depression prediction. However, saliva collection methods can affect the saliva cortisol level. Objective: This study aims to determine the ideal saliva collection method and explore the application value of saliva cortisol in depression prediction. Methods: 30 depressed patients and 30 healthy controls were instructed to collect saliva samples in the morning with six collection methods. Simultaneous venous blood was collected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the cortisol level. The 24-observerrated Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD-24) was used to assess the severity of depression. Results: The significant differences in saliva cortisol levels depend on the saliva collection methods. The level of unstimulated whole saliva cortisol was most correlated with blood (r = 0.91). The stimulated parotid saliva cortisol can better predict depression. The area under the curve was 0.89. In addition, the saliva cortisol level of the depression patients was significantly higher than the healthy controls. The correlation between the cortisol level and the HAMD-24 score was highly significant. The higher the saliva cortisol level, the higher the HAMD-24 score. Conclusions: All the above findings point to an exciting opportunity for non-invasive monitoring of cortisol through saliva.

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Investigation of Whole and Glandular Saliva as a Biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis

Cited by 10 publications

References 84 publications

Expression of Serum Cortisol and Aβ42 in the Prediction of Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease in Patients with Generalised Anxiety Disorders and Stage III/IV Periodontitis

Expression of Serum Cortisol and Aβ42 in the Prediction of Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease in Patients with Generalised Anxiety Disorders and Stage III/IV Periodontitis

Obtaining a Reliable Diagnostic Biomarker for Diabetes Mellitus by Standardizing Salivary Glucose Measurements

Stimulated Parotid Saliva Is a Better Method for Depression Prediction

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