Investigation of the impact of mechanical activation on synthesis of the MgO-TiO2 system

Abstract

In this study, a mixture of magnesium oxide and titanium dioxide was mechanically activated in order to investigate the possibility of mechanochemical synthesis of magnesium titanate. Mechanical activation was performed for 1000 min in a high-energy vibro mill (type MH954/3, KHD Humboldt Wedag AG, Germany). The mill is equipped with housing having a horizontally placed shutter. The cylindrical stainless steel working vessel, with inner dimensions of 40 mm in height and 170 mm in diameter, has working elements consisting of two free concentric stainless steel rings with a total weight of 3 kg. The engine power is 0.8 kW. Respecting the optimal amount of powder to be activated of 50-150 g and the stoichiometric ratio of the reactants in the equation presenting the chemical reaction of magnesium titanate synthesis, the starting amounts were 20.2 g (0.5 mol) of MgO and 39.9 g (0.5 mol) TiO2. During the experiments, X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples taken from the reaction system after 60, 180, 330, and 1000 min of mechanical activation was performed. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for chemical composition analysis of samples taken at different activation times. Based on the X-ray diffraction analysis results, it can be concluded that the greatest changes in the system took place at the very beginning of the mechanical activation due to the disturbance of the crystal structure of the initial components. X-ray diffraction analysis of the sample after 1000 min of activation showed complete amorphization of the mixture, but diffraction maxima characteristic for magnesium titanate were not identified. Therefore, the mechanical activation experiments were stopped. Evidently, the energy input was not sufficient to overcome the energy barrier to form a new chemical compound - magnesium titanate. The failure to synthesize magnesium titanate is explained by the low negative Gibbs energy value of -25.8 kJ/mol (despite the theoretical possibility that the reaction will happen), as well as by the amount of mechanical energy entered into the system during activation which was insufficient to obtain the reaction product. Although the synthesis of MgTiO3 was not achieved, significant results were obtained which identify models for further investigations of the possibility of mechanochemical reactions of alkaline earth metals and titanium dioxide.

Simulating the mine subsidence and deformations of highway using a stochastic model

“…Risk assessment regarding damaging the ground surface and existing facilities before underground coal exploitation relies on theoretical calculations and thanks to their improvement together with the development of specialized software programs (SDPS, CISPM, etc. ), it is possible today to predict surface subsidence and deformations as well as to estimate the effects of mining operations on the surface with a higher degree of reliability (Vusovic et al, 2021;Djordjevic and Vusovic, 2014;Malinowska et al, 2020;Hu et al, 2022).…”

“…Pataric-Stojanovic stochastic theory, proposed and developed in the 1980s for subsidence prediction, was used in many case studies on underground coal mining in Serbia (Djordjevic and Vusovic, 2014;Diyab, 2011;Vusovic and Svrkota, 2004). Numerous long-term geodetic measurements have proved the reliability of this prognostic method (Diyab, 2011;Vusovic and Svrkota, 2004).…”