Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity and Biocompatibility of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized using Syzigyum cymosum Extract

Abstract

Nanotherapeutics has emerged as the most sought after approach to tackle the menace of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. Among others, biogenic silver nanoparticles (bAgNPs) synthesized using medicinal plant extracts demonstrate promising antibacterial propensity with excellent biocompatibility. Herein, bAgNPs were synthesized through the green chemistry approach using Syzygium cymosum leaf extract as a reducing agent at different pH values (i.e., 5, 7, 8, and 10). The average size of bAgNPs synthesized at pH 5, 7, 8, and 10 was 23.3, 21.3, 17.2, and 35.3 nm, respectively, and all the nanoparticles were negatively charged. Their antibacterial potential was investigated against Bacillus subtilis , Escherichia coli DH5α, E. coli K12, enteropathogenic E. coli , and Salmonella typhi . The highest antibacterial activity was exhibited by bAgNPs synthesized at pH 8 against all the tested bacterial strains, which can be attributed to their small size and greater surface area to volume ratio. The bAgNPs demonstrated the highest zone of inhibition (29.5 ± 0.8 mm) against B. subtilis through oxidation of membrane fatty acids that resulted in the formation of the malondialdehyde–thiobarbituric acid (MDA–TBA) adduct. However, bAgNPs demonstrated excellent hemocompatibility with rat and human red blood cells. Biogenic AgNPs synthesized at pH 8 also exhibited biocompatibility in terms of liver and kidney function biomarkers. Furthermore, hematoxylin and eosin staining of the tissue sections of vital organs (i.e., liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, spleen, and brain) also confirmed the biocompatibility of bAgNPs.

Glutathione-Capped Hollow Silver Nanoparticles: Optimization of Surface Plasmon Resonance, Photothermal Effect, and In Vitro and In Vivo Biocompatibility

“…Several reports provide contrasting evidence on the biocompatibility and toxicity of MNPs. − For instance, several reports highlighted the biocompatibility of AuNPs and HAuNPs at cellular, in vivo , and at nonhuman primate levels. ,,− On the other hand, Rathore et al and Zhang et al reported that AuNPs exert toxic effects. More interestingly, Zhang et al reported the route of administration-based AuNP toxicity with i.v.…”

“…A similar contrasting toxicity profile is reported for AgNPs. For instance, Qiu et al, 68 Mahmud et al, 69 and Lin et al 59 highlighted the biocompatible nature of AgNPs. On the other hand, AshaRani et al 60 and Souza et al 61 reported AgNPs as genotoxic agents.…”

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus emblica extract: investigation of antibacterial activity and biocompatibility in vivo

“…XRD patterns of bAgNPs were analyzed using a powder X-ray diffractometer (GNR Xray Explorer, Italy) following our previously published protocol. 4,10,11…”

“…Furthermore, rats treated with bAgNPs exhibited no significant toxicity in terms of their hematological and biochemical parameters. 4,[10][11][12] This is due to the presence of secondary metabolites such as saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and quinines in plant extracts, which have strong reducing potential and lead to the production of nanoparticles with better characteristics. 4 As a result, silver nanoparticles made from plant extracts have a natural ability to combat various bacterial strains, including those that are resistant to multiple drugs, while also being more biocompatible.…”

The Promise of Nanoparticles-Based Radiotherapy in Cancer Treatment

“…The advent of nanoparticles (NPs) has assisted in the evolution of traditional RT from a “one-size-fits-all” concept to tailored and dynamic treatment modalities [ 13 ]. High surface-to-volume ratios, increased cellular uptake, and adjustability make NPs a suitable choice for tumor-targeted and less toxic treatment approaches [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. NPs that are prepared from high Z materials act as radiosensitizers, receiving external beams of ionizing radiation [ 30 , 31 ].…”