Investigating the Robustness of the Illusory Truth Effect Across Individual Differences in Cognitive Ability, Need for Cognitive Closure, and Cognitive Style

keersmaecker, Jonas De; Dunning, David; Pennycook, Gordon; Rand, David G.; Sanchez, Carmen; Unkelbach, Christian; Roets, Arne

doi:10.1177/0146167219853844

Cited by 108 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…This is particularly relevant, as it has been shown that, in Italy, pediatricians are only the third most important source of information on vaccines for pregnant women, and that they are preceded by web sites and word of mouth [ 34 ]. Misinformation lingers in the memory [ 15 , 39 ], and information that has been encountered before is more likely to be believed as true (the so-called illusory truth effect) [ 40 ]. Likewise, correcting misconceptions based on misinformation is not an easy task [ 41 ] and can even backfire [ 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, correcting misconceptions based on misinformation is not an easy task [ 41 ] and can even backfire [ 42 ]. Cognitive-based individual differences do not seem to moderate these effects [ 40 ]. Our findings suggest that individual differences in emotional competence might enable people to make a final decision, despite being emotionally aroused.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Emotional Competences in Parents’ Vaccine Hesitancy

et al. 2021

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The role of parents’ emotional competencies on vaccine hesitancy and decision making has been seldom examined. Two studies investigated the relationship between parents’ attitudes towards childhood vaccines and self-reported behavior (Study 1) and between parents’ emotional competence and attitudes towards vaccines (Study 2). In Study 1, predictors of temporal, partial, or complete vaccine refusal (having voluntarily postponed/forgone some/all vaccines) were examined in 2778 parents. In Study 2, psychological predictors of the attitude towards vaccines were examined in 593 parents, using the Profile of Emotional Competence and the valence of mental images spontaneously associated with the term “vaccine”. In Study 1, attitudes were aggregated in three independent factors (concerns about vaccine safety; diseases prevented by vaccines; and naturalistic views) that independently predicted vaccine refusal. In Study 2, a significant mediational analysis showed a positive indirect effect of intrapersonal emotional competences on attitudes towards vaccines, through mental images associated with the word “vaccine”. Parents’ intrapersonal emotional competences affected all dimensions of attitudes towards vaccines, suggesting that being able to manage, identify, and recognize one’s own emotions is central to vaccine acceptance. These findings suggest that intervention strategies, rather than stressing the pro-social benefits of vaccinating, should focus on aspects related to one’s own emotions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Emotional Competences in Parents’ Vaccine Hesitancy

et al. 2021

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“…This test is more elaborate than the basic verbal ability test in Study 1 and 2, hence also serving to demonstrate the robustness of the results. Participants are presented with 4 pictures and 50 words and are instructed to assign each word to one of the pictures (see e.g., De keersmaecker et al, 2020, and Hall et al, 2019, for recent uses of the test). The amount of correct answers is used as an index for cognitive ability ( M = 39.56, SD = 6.44, Cronbach’s α = .89).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disliked but Free to Speak: Cognitive Ability Is Related to Supporting Freedom of Speech for Groups Across the Ideological Spectrum

keersmaecker

Bostyn

Hiel

2020

Social Psychological and Personality Science

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Freedom of speech for all citizens is often considered as a cornerstone of democratic societies. In three studies, we examined the relationship between cognitive ability and support for freedom of speech for a variety of social groups across the ideological spectrum ( N 1 varies between 1,373 and 18,719, N 2 = 298, N 3 = 395). Corroborating our theoretical expectations, although cognitive ability was related to more affective prejudice toward relatively conservative groups and less affective prejudice toward relatively liberal groups (Study 2), people with higher levels of cognitive ability were more in favor of freedom of speech for all target groups (Studies 1–3). The relationship between cognitive ability and freedom of speech support was mediated by intellectual humility (preregistered Study 3). These results indicate that cognitive ability contributes to support for the democratic right of freedom of speech for all social–ideological groups.

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“…Since then, numerous studies have replicated that repetition increases perceived truth, even for statements that contradict people's prior knowledge. Repetition increases truth ratings for implausible false news headlines (De keersmaecker et al, 2019;Pennycook, Cannon, & Rand, 2018), for facts that contradict common knowledge (Brashier, Eliseev, & Marsh, 2020;Brashier, Umanath, Cabeza, & Marsh, 2017;Fazio & Sherry, in press), and there is some evidence that it increases truth ratings equally for all statements regardless of their plausibility (Fazio et al, 2019).…”

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confidence: 99%

Repetition Increases Perceived Truth Even for Known Falsehoods

Fazio

2020

Collabra: Psychology

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Repetition increases belief in false statements. This illusory truth effect occurs with many different types of statements (e.g., trivia facts, news headlines, advertisements), and even occurs when the false statement contradicts participants' prior knowledge. However, existing studies of the effect of prior knowledge on the illusory truth effect share a common flaw; they measure participants' knowledge after the experimental manipulation and thus conditionalize responses on posttreatment variables. In the current study, we measure prior knowledge prior to the experimental manipulation and thus provide a cleaner measurement of the causal effect of repetition on belief. We again find that prior knowledge does not protect against the illusory truth effect. Repeated false statements were given higher truth ratings than novel statements, even when they contradicted participants' prior knowledge.

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Investigating the Robustness of the Illusory Truth Effect Across Individual Differences in Cognitive Ability, Need for Cognitive Closure, and Cognitive Style

Cited by 108 publications

References 64 publications

The Role of Emotional Competences in Parents’ Vaccine Hesitancy

The Role of Emotional Competences in Parents’ Vaccine Hesitancy

Disliked but Free to Speak: Cognitive Ability Is Related to Supporting Freedom of Speech for Groups Across the Ideological Spectrum

Repetition Increases Perceived Truth Even for Known Falsehoods

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