Investigating the Presence of SARS CoV-2 in Free-Living and Captive Animals

Jemeršić, Lorena; Lojkić, Ivana; Krešić, Nina; Keros, Tomislav; Zelenika, Tajana Amšel; Jurinović, Luka; Skok, Damir; Bata, Ingeborg; Boras, Jadranko; Habrun, Boris; Brnić, Dragan

doi:10.3390/pathogens10060635

Cited by 42 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…Even though SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in open surface waters ( Kolarević et al, 2021 ; Mahlknecht et al, 2021 ; Rimoldi et al, 2020 ), there is no evidence for a transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via water-food-environmental media ( Adelodun et al, 2021 ). To this date SARS-CoV-2 pandemic strain was not detected to circulate in free-ranging wildlife species which may be in contact with surface waters, wastewaters and human waste in general ( Colombo et al, 2021 ; Jemeršić et al, 2021 ). However, wastewater discharge, primarily those untreated, is the source of contamination for aquatic environments ( Bosch et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Croatian wastewaters and the absence of SARS-CoV-2 in bivalve molluscan shellfish

Brnić¹,

Lojkić²,

Škoko³

et al. 2022

Environmental Research

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The circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment has been confirmed numerous times, whilst research on the bioaccumulation in bivalve molluscan shellfish (BMS) has been rather scarce. The present study aimed to fulfil the knowledge gap on SARS-CoV-2 circulation in wastewaters and surface waters in this region and to extend the current knowledge on potential presence of SARS-CoV-2 contamination in BMS. The study included 13 archive wastewater and surface water samples from the start of epidemic and 17 influents and effluents from nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of different capacity and treatment stage, sampled during the second epidemic wave. From that period are the most of 77 collected BMS samples, represented by mussels, oysters and warty venus clams harvested along the Dalmatian coast. All samples were processed according to EN ISO 15216-1 2017 using Mengovirus as a whole process control. SARS-CoV-2 detection was performed by real-time and conventional RT-PCR assays targeting E, N and nsp14 protein genes complemented with nsp14 partial sequencing. Rotavirus A (RVA) real-time RT-PCR assay was implemented as an additional evaluation criterion of virus concentration techniques. The results revealed the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in nine influents and two secondary treatment effluents from eight WWTPs, while all samples from the start of epidemic (wastewaters, surface waters) were negative which was influenced by sampling strategy. All tertiary effluents and BMS were SARS-CoV-2 negative. The results of RVA amplification were beneficial in evaluating virus concentration techniques and provided insights into RVA dynamics within the environment and community. In conclusion, the results of the present study confirm SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Croatian wastewaters during the second epidemic wave while extending the knowledge on wastewater treatment potential in SARS-CoV-2 removal. Our findings represent a significant contribution to the current state of knowledge that considers BMS of a very low food safety risk regarding SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Croatian wastewaters and the absence of SARS-CoV-2 in bivalve molluscan shellfish

Brnić¹,

Lojkić²,

Škoko³

et al. 2022

Environmental Research

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“…Although some blood samples and muscle extracts gave positive ELISA results, all tested negative by surrogate VNT. The same was true for the RT-PCR results, and none of the fecal samples tested positive, giving no evidence of spillover of SARS-CoV-2 to free-living or captive wild animals [37]. June-November 2020 204 6 (2.9) 1.0-6.2 0 (0) 0-1.8 * 0 (0)…”

Section: Covid-19 In Wildlifementioning

confidence: 56%

“…SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection rates varied from 0% to 37.5%. Most of the Ct values were ≥30 (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39), which assumes a low viral load. The investigation confirmed that 9/15 (60.0%) of the tested locations were contaminated with SARS-CoV-2, with one or more positive samples per location.…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 In Households With Covid-19 Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Trends in the Epidemiology of COVID-19: The Croatian ‘One Health’ Perspective

Vilibić-Čavlek

Stevanović

Brlek-Gorski

et al. 2021

Viruses

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During the four pandemic waves, a total of 560,504 cases and 10,178 deaths due to COVID-19 were reported in Croatia. The Alpha variant, dominant from March 2021 (>50% of positive samples), was rapidly replaced by Delta variants (>90%) by August 2021. Several seroprevalence studies were conducted in different populations (general population, children/adolescents, professional athletes, healthcare workers, veterinarians) and in immunocompromised patients (hemodialysis patients, liver/kidney transplant recipients). After the first pandemic wave, seroprevalence rates of neutralizing (NT) antibodies were reported to be 0.2–5.5%. Significantly higher seropositivity was detected during/after the second wave, 2.6–18.7%. Two studies conducted in pet animals (February-June 2020/July–December 2020) reported SARS-CoV-2 NT antibodies in 0.76% of cats and 0.31–14.69% of dogs, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 NT antibodies were not detected in wildlife. Environmental samples taken in the households of COVID-19 patients showed high-touch personal objects as most frequently contaminated (17.3%), followed by surfaces in patients’ rooms (14.6%), kitchens (13.3%) and bathrooms (8.3%). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was also detected in 96.8% affluent water samples, while all effluent water samples tested negative. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in humans, animals and the environment suggests that the ‘One Health’ approach is critical to controlling COVID-19 and future pandemics.

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“…In Croatia, jackals (Canis aureus), free-living wild boars (Sus scrofa), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) showed positive antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 using ELISA. However, the virus neutralization test's positive conclusions were not verified [152]. However, chickens, geese, and pigs were found to be nonsusceptible hosts for SARS-CoV-2 [153][154][155].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 In Other Animalsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Diversity of Coronaviruses with Particular Attention to the Interspecies Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Shehata

Attia

Rahman

et al. 2022

Animals

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In December 2019, the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in China with serious impacts on global health and economy that is still ongoing. Although interspecies transmission of coronaviruses is common and well documented, each coronavirus has a narrowly restricted host range. Coronaviruses utilize different receptors to mediate membrane fusion and replication in the cell cytoplasm. The interplay between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of coronaviruses and their coevolution are determinants for host susceptibility. The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and has also been reported in domestic and wild animals, raising the question about the responsibility of animals in virus evolution. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic might also substantially have an impact on animal production for a long time. In the present review, we discussed the diversity of coronaviruses in animals and thus the diversity of their receptors. Moreover, the determinants of the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 in several animals, with special reference to the current evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in animals, were highlighted. Finally, we shed light on the urgent demand for the implementation of the One Health concept as a collaborative global approach to mitigate the threat for both humans and animals.

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Investigating the Presence of SARS CoV-2 in Free-Living and Captive Animals

Cited by 42 publications

References 56 publications

SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Croatian wastewaters and the absence of SARS-CoV-2 in bivalve molluscan shellfish

SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Croatian wastewaters and the absence of SARS-CoV-2 in bivalve molluscan shellfish

Emerging Trends in the Epidemiology of COVID-19: The Croatian ‘One Health’ Perspective

Diversity of Coronaviruses with Particular Attention to the Interspecies Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

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