“…Fei et al economic growth and energy pollution (Akbostanci et al, 2009;Jalil and Mahmud, 2009;Narayan and Narayan, 2010;Jaunky 2011), while others focus on the relationship between economic growth, energy use, and environmental degradation (Soytas et al, 2007;Ang 2007Ang , 2008; Apergis and Payne, 2009;Sadorsky, 2009;Apergis et al, 2010;Hatzigeorgiou et al, 2011;Hamit-Haggar, 2012;Ozcan, 2013). Numerous studies also indicate that energy use is the main contributor to carbon emissions (Shahbaz et al, 2013a, b, c, d;Al-Mulali et al, 2015;Dogan and Turkekul, 2016). The relationship between energy use and economic growth has been presented as four main hypotheses.…”