Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: the role of tourism and ecological footprint

Abstract

The main objective of this study is to examine the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an environment indicator and GDP from tourism as the economic indicator. To achieve this goal, an environmental degradation model is established during the period of 1988-2008 for 144 countries. The results from the time series generalized method of moments (GMM) and the system panel GMM revealed that the number of countries that have a negative relationship between the ecological footprint and its determinants (GDP growth from tourism, energy consumption, trade openness, and urbanization) is more existent in the upper middle- and high-income countries. Moreover, the EKC hypothesis is more present in the upper middle- and high-income countries than the other income countries. From the outcome of this research, a number of policy recommendations were provided for the investigated countries.

Air pollution and tourism demand: A case study of Beijing, China

“…Most studies of the relationship between air quality and tourism have focused on evaluating the environmental externality of the tourism industry, considering questions such as greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants (Ahmad, Draz, Su, Ozturk, & Rauf, 2018;Ozturk, Al-Mulali, & Saboori, 2016;Paramati, Shahbaz, & Alam, 2017;Saenz-de-Miera & Rosselló, 2014;Sáenz-de-Miera & Rosselló, 2013). This is a major issue for certain Western destinations, which is where the majority of case studies in this respect have been performed to date.…”

The Kenya Case of Multivariate Causality of Carbon Dioxide Emissions

“…The first set of studies including Cerdeira Bento and Moutinho [14], SekerErtugrul and Cetin [15], Apergis and Ozturk [16], Baek [17], NarayanSaboori and Soleymani [18], Acaravci and Ozturk [19], OsabuohienEfobi and Gitau [20], Tutulmaz [21], TiwariShahbaz and Adnan Hye [22], Ben AbdallahBelloumi and De Wolf [23], ShahbazLean and Shabbir [24], Balaguer and Cantavella [25], Babu and Datta [26], Asici and Acar [27], Ben JebliBen Youssef and Ozturk [28], BilgiliKocak and Bulut [29], Al-MulaliSolarin and Ozturk [30], Fujii and Managi [31], KangZhao and Yang [32], Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [33], Hao and Liu [34], Javid and Sharif [35], OzturkAl-Mulali and Saboori [36], Narayan and Narayan [37], among others have investigated the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis which suggests that environmental degradation/pollution decreases overtime as a country's GDP per capita increases. Cerdeira Bento and Moutinho [14], SekerErtugrul and Cetin [15], Apergis and Ozturk [16], ShahbazLean and Shabbir [24], Charfeddine and Khediri [38], Balaguer and Cantavella [25], Al-MulaliSolarin and Ozturk [30], BilgiliKocak and Bulut [29], Hao and Liu [34], Javid and Sharif [35] and among others support the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis while Al-TorkistaniSalisu and Maimany [39], LiuYan and Zhou [40], among others reject the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis.…”

“…Finally, the third set of studies; Al-MulaliSolarin and Ozturk [30], SekerErtugrul and Cetin [15], Javid and Sharif [35],ShahbazJamBibi et al [62], KangZhao and Yang [32], OzturkAlMulali and Saboori [36], Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [63,64,65,66], Saidi and Hammami [67], AhmedShahbaz and Kyophilavong [68], Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [63] include other macroeconomic variables such as industrialization, urbanization, financial development, trade openness, etc. to the already existing variables in literature such as; carbon dioxide emissions, population, energy consumption and economic growth.…”

The Carbon Impact of International Tourists to an Island Country

“…Forty percent of CE is conservatively attributed to tourist air travel [12]. Consequently, studies have investigated the relationships between tourism development, energy demand, environmental degradation, and CE using the environmental Kuznets curve framework and have proposed policy recommendations and dynamical system models to ensure improvements in environmental protection and economic growth [13][14][15].…”