Investigating the Effect of Supplementary Feeding on Carbohydrate Composition and Quantity of Royal Jelly

Abstract

One of the main practices followed by beekeepers during the production of royal jelly (RJ) is the artificial sugar feeding. In this study, the effect of carbohydrate supplementary feeding on the composition of the three main sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) and on the final quantity of the product was explored using one-way ANOVA and non-parametric tests. Also, the correlations among the parameters were examined. The average yield per colony for non-supplemented colonies (Group A) was 12.8 g, while the average content of fructose, glucose and sucrose was 4.32%, 3.78%, and 0.04%, respectively. For the colonies fed at the grafting day one time (Group B), these values were 12.76 g, 3.11%, 3.19% and 3.71%, and for the colonies fed from the insertion until the collection day (Group C), 12.81 g, 3.05%, 3.12% and 3.54% respectively. It should also be noted that the sucrose content in all samples from supplemented colonies was found greater than 1.97%. The statistical tests highlighted the impact of artificial feeding on fructose and glucose contents, while the produced quantity remained uninfluenced. Finally, the Spearman (rho) coefficient test showed statistically significantly negative correlation between the monosaccharides (fructose, glucose) and sucrose.

Physicochemical characteristics of local royal jelly produced in Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia

“…On the other hand, mixing fresh royal jelly with queen bee larvae triturate or/and fresh drone bee larvae could increase the amount of moisture in royal jelly [25]. pH values in royal jelly samples was closed to the range reported in literatures [14,29,32,33]. The same result of total free acidity was obtained (36.5 to 43.2 mL 0.1 N NaOH/100g) by Al-Kahtani and Taha [29], who tested RJ samples collected from Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia during the spring of 2018.…”

“…The same result of total free acidity was obtained (36.5 to 43.2 mL 0.1 N NaOH/100g) by Al-Kahtani and Taha [29], who tested RJ samples collected from Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia during the spring of 2018. According to the international standard (ISO, 12824: 2016) and data in the literature, the acidity of the same solution (same concentration) of royal jelly was between 30% and 60% [14,32,34]. In general, the pure royal jelly samples have higher total acidity compared to the RJ adulterated samples.…”

Processing Technologies for Bee Products: An Overview of Recent Developments and Perspectives

“…The storage temperature was 4°C, the shelf life of the fresh RJ was 6 months, while for lyophilized RJ, or lyophilized RJ in honey (humidity <18%), and the Apilac pills (lactose-glucose-freeze-dried RJ), the time would be 1 year, 2 year at room temperature, and at 4–8°C for 2 years, the shelf lives of fresh RJ and lyophilized RJ were 2 and > 2 years, the temperature was set at < −18°C, respectively ( 131 ). BCP, propolis, honey, and BB were stored at 6°C for a maximum of 4 weeks, while for RJ was stored at −18°C ( 52 , 132 ). The collected honey samples can be stored at 4°C ( 133 , 134 ), or 20°C ( 135 ).…”

“…The extraction methods of polysaccharides focus on the traditional method, after 96% ethanol ( 175 ) or ultrasonic assist ( 30 ) solvent to skim the lipid, hot water ( 163 , 176 – 178 ) is used to extract the polysaccharide, and then a quadruple volume of absolute ethanol precipitates ( 163 , 176 , 178 ). Solid-phase extraction ( 9 , 174 ) as well as DEAE-52 cellulose column ( 20 , 177 , 178 ), Zorbax Carbohydrate Analysis Column ( 132 ) and other columns were used to separate the polysaccharides. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), HPAEC-PAD ( 174 ), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy ( 20 , 178 ), gas chromatography (GC) ( 175 ), high-performance gel permeation chromatography ( 176 ), GC-MS ( 177 ), 13 C NMR ( 177 – 179 ), and HPLC-RID ( 132 ) techniques were used to identify the polysaccharides.…”

“…Solid-phase extraction ( 9 , 174 ) as well as DEAE-52 cellulose column ( 20 , 177 , 178 ), Zorbax Carbohydrate Analysis Column ( 132 ) and other columns were used to separate the polysaccharides. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), HPAEC-PAD ( 174 ), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy ( 20 , 178 ), gas chromatography (GC) ( 175 ), high-performance gel permeation chromatography ( 176 ), GC-MS ( 177 ), 13 C NMR ( 177 – 179 ), and HPLC-RID ( 132 ) techniques were used to identify the polysaccharides.…”