Invasive Non‐TyphiSalmonellaDisease in Africa

Abstract

Invasive non-Typhi Salmonella (NTS) is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa where it is a leading cause of bloodstream infection. Host risk factors have been established, but little is known about environmental reservoirs and predominant modes of transmission so prevention strategies are underdeveloped. While foodborne transmission from animals to humans predominates in high-income countries, it has been postulated that anthroponotic transmission both within and outside healthcare facilities may be important in sub-Saharan Africa. Antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and chloramphenicol is common; wider use of alternative agents may be warranted for empiric therapy. Vaccine development targeting the leading invasive NTS serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis shows promise. The clinical presentation of NTS bacteremia is non-specific and in the absence of blood culture may be confused with other febrile illnesses such as malaria. Much work remains to understand and control invasive NTS in sub-Saharan Africa.

Dengue and Typhoid Co-infection– Study from a Government Hospital in North Delhi

“…A study from Tanzania supported the long-held hypothesis that malaria in children in that region, preceeds and predisposes invasive Non Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection [18,19]. Although the mechanism underlying the association between malaria and NTS is incompletely understood, the possibility of metabolic, haemodynamic or inflammatory processes occurring during severe malaria predisposing to invasive bacterial disease has not be ruled out [18].…”

Cell invasion of poultry-associated Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates is associated with pathogenicity, motility and proteins secreted by the type III secretion system

“…S. Enteritidis-induced salmonellosis in humans is characterized by diarrhoea, fever, headache, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting (CDC, 2007). S. Enteritidis is also increasingly reported from cases of invasive and extra-intestinal infections such as septicaemia, arthritis, endocarditis, meningitis and urinary tract infections (Ghosh & Vogt, 2006;Gordon et al, 2008;Katsenos et al, 2008;Kobayashi et al, 2009;Morpeth et al, 2009;Mutlu et al, 2009;Tena et al, 2007). Between 1990 and 2001, the US state and territorial health departments reported 677 S. Enteritidis outbreaks, which accounted for 23 366 illnesses, 1988 hospitalizations and 33 deaths (CDC, 2003).…”

Occurrence of salmonella spp. serotypes isolated from the poultry exploitations in n’djamena and doba towns-chad

“…These observations were also found in 2 other farms of laying eggs chicken in N'Djamena (Djim-Adjim et al, 2013). However, there is still little information about the environmental reservoirs of Salmonella, particularly in the African context (Morpeth et al, 2009).…”