Introduction of imidazolinone herbicide and Clearfield® rice between weedy rice—control efficiency and environmental concerns

Abstract

Water scarcity and increasing labor costs of rice cultivation have prompted many agro-ecosystems in the world to adopt the direct-seeded rice (DSR) method instead of the hand-transplanting method. However, there is a downside to this approach, which is the prevalence and spread of weedy rice (WR), a troublesome weed in paddy fields that has the potential to cause a 90% loss of total yield in high-infested areas. The progression, infestation, and dynamics of WR are linked to environmental circumstances, types of rice cultivar, established techniques, and field management. WR is viewed as a critical problem, as it may prove counterproductive in rice cultivation because it causes an overall increase in the production cost of paddy harvesting. For the purpose of our discussion, a method is explored that can be used to eliminate, or at least mitigate, the spread of WR, which is the Clearfield® Production System (CPS). This method consists of imidazolinone (IMI) herbicide, Clearfield® certified seeds, and the Stewardship Guide. However, use of the CPS has been known to negatively affect the environment, as it transfers resistance traits to WR, increasing IMI persistence in the cultivated soils, and contaminating soils and water with herbicide residues. These negative environmental effects could be dealt with by using integrated weed management systems (IWMS) that include the use of all viable tools and should be incorporated with the proper Stewardship Guide to reduce the growth of herbicide-resistant WR. This review aims to elucidate information pertaining to WR infestation, the characteristics thereof, sustainable techniques for WR control, IMI herbicides, and diverse methods for the extraction and determination of IMI residues in the environment. Understanding the conspecific nature of WR serves as a baseline for constructing novel WR control strategies in the future.

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“…Herbicide carryover from the implementation of CPS is another major concern and challenge ( Bajrai et al 2017;Mahyoub et al 2017;Bzour et al 2018). The carryover of imidazolinone was reported to affect many non-rice crops in rotational systems (Allister and Kogan, 2005;Bahm et al 2011).…”

“…The carryover of imidazolinone was reported to affect many non-rice crops in rotational systems (Allister and Kogan, 2005;Bahm et al 2011). Imidazolinone residues in the soil were already detected in Malaysia rice field (Bajrai et al 2017;Mahyoub et al 2017) which could potentially impact non-IMI rice cultivars in CPS rotation system (Bzour et al 2018). Proper and organized studies, researches and surveys of imidazolinone carryover in CPS rice fields in Malaysia need to be orchestrated by various organizations and institutions to reduce the herbicidal impact to human and environment (Bzour et al 2018).…”

“…Regrettably, farmers ignorance to follow CPS stewardship guidelines has caused this system failed to fully control weedy rice. This includes planting over two consecutive seasons, using uncertified CPS seeds, planting Clearfield® rice without OnDuty® treatment, inappropriate OnDuty® application timing, and applying OnDuty® at reduced dosage (Dilipkumar et al 2017, Bzour et al 2018. Therefore, in 'Control Gap 4', strengthening the enactment and enforcement of seed laws is required to prevent weedy rice escape via seed contamination.…”

Spatial and temporal evolution of imidazolinone-resitant red rice in 'Clearfield' rice cultivations

“…However, these benefits have encouraged the use of this technology continuously and, as a consequence, imidazolinone-resistant (IMI-R) red rice was identified in commercial rice fields just a few seasons after CL rice was released in the USA (Zhang et al, 2006;Ellstrand, 2018), Brazil (Menezes et al, 2009), Italy (Busconi et al, 2012), and other regions of Europe and Latin America (Ziska et al, 2015). In addition to the herbicide selection pressure, the gene flow from CL rice to red rice escapees has contributed to the IMI-R red rice evolution (Goulart et al, 2012;Bzour et al, 2018).…”

Studies on <i>In Vitro </i>Response to Callus Induction and Regeneration of Five High Yielding <i>Indica </i>rice Varieties

“…On the other hands the farm areas are being lessen by residential areas in the developing countries. Previous experiments showed that the production rate of rice is unpleasantly affected by abiotic stress and that is highly defenseless with the change of weather [5,6,19,3]. Various Modern biotechnological tools requires the optimization of an efficient regeneration protocol for specific cultivar(s) is an essential for the composition of the nutrient media is a major factor that influencing the regeneration frequency of rice [2].…”