“…In critical cases where the normal process of bone regeneration is insufficient, there are a number of treatment methods available for dealing with a bone defect, which can be utilized either alone or in combination for the treatment of a complex bone injury. Among the various clinical approaches to stimulate bone regeneration, the use of bone substitute is one of the standard methodologies used in clinical practice (Giannoudis, Chris Arts, Schmidmaier, & Larsson, ; Hasan, Taz, & Lee, ; Paderni, Terzi, & Amendola, ; Zakaria, Madi, & Kasugai, n.d.). Bone substitutes stimulate the migration and recruitment of osteoprogenitor cells, followed by proliferation, differentiation, and matrix formation, and bone remodeling.…”