Introduction into PPPM as a new paradigm of public health service: an integrative view

Abstract

In the present state of healthcare, usual medical care is generally given to the already diseased person, while the key link—personal health monitoring underlain by predictive, preventive, and personalised medicine (PPPM) techniques that are being intensively elaborated worldwide—is simply missing. It is this link, based on the recognition of subclinical conditions, prediction, and further preventive measures, that is capable of regulating morbidity and diminishing the rates of disability among able-bodied population, thus significantly cutting the traditionally high costs of treating the already diseased people. To achieve the above-mentioned goal—the elaboration of the PPPM concept and its practical implementation—it is necessary to create a fundamentally new strategy based upon the subclinical recognition of the signs—bioindicators of cryptic abnormalities long before the disease clinically manifests itself. The implementation of PPPM programme requires an adjusted technology for the proper interpretation of diagnostic data, which would allow for the current ‘physician-patient’ model to be gradually replaced by a novel model, ‘medical advisor-healthy men-at-risk’. This is the reason for an additional need in organising combinatorial scientific, clinical, training and educational projects in the area of PPPM to elicit the content of this new branch of medicine.

CRISPR-Cas Systems for Diagnosing Infectious Diseases

“…Large-scale testing and comparative analysis of different PCR-based and CRISPR diagnostic systems in the real world is mandatory to move new methods into laboratory and field diagnostics. Introducing CRISPR diagnostic tools into practice may improve control over infectious diseases, prevent their rapid spread, introduce diagnostic testing to finally enter the era of precise and personalized medicine 67 , expand the use of massive population screening, and better control outbreaks of infectious diseases, including outbreaks in remote geographic areas. Timely, inexpensive, high-quality diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases by rapid and readily available tests will certainly have a pronounced positive impact on human health on the global level, reducing morbidity and mortality.…”

PPPM (Predictive, Preventive and Personalized Medicine) as a New Model of the National and International Healthcare Services and Thus a Promising Strategy to Prevent a Disease: From Basics to Practice

“…Complete diagnostics of the organism, the creation of individual genetic passports, development and correction of treatment strategies based on the individual features of genetics, metabolism, microbiota of particular organism-all these tasks are belongs to PPPM. However, holding such a colossal amount of expensive and complicated research would be impossible without translation of the latest scientific achievements into practical medicine [3] [6]- [8] (Figure 3).…”

“…Over the course of its history, medical science was much more focused on the treatment of clinical illnesses that have already arisen, than on detecting and preventing their occurrence. Practical experience over many years has shown that this approach is often ineffective against a number of diseases, and also requires a great deal of expenses [1]- [3].…”

“…Most of the chronic disorders develop gradually over a period of time. It may take years to reach a point to be diagnosed definitively [3]- [5].…”

“…Therefore, the search for new methods of diagnosis which would allow identifying the disease at an early stage, before the formation of the pathological process and the development of effective means of drug-based prevention have become the main objectives of the medical science of the 21st century (Figure 2). Thus, the main task PPPM includes: • Determination of signs of the disease at the stage of preclinical pathology in conjunction with the identification of targets for adequate prevention; • Targeted correction of the violations with the goal of pharmacological prevention, which belongs to the category of preventive measures that contribute to the suppression of the pathological process in the preclinical stage [3].…”