Introduction

Continuous Monitoring of Blood Pressure and Vascular Hemodynamic Properties With Miniature Extravascular Hall-Based Magnetic Sensor

“…The extravascular nature of the HBSD diminishes the risk of thrombosis, blood cell damage and flow obstruction, which constitute common problems that current intravascular sensors encounter. 36 The lack of connective material between the components of the HBSD, along with the minimal footprint and weight (<1.4 g) of the HBSD, ensure that neither relevant restriction on the distension nor gravitational forces due to the device’s mass are applied on the arterial wall. Hence, compared with the majority of extravascular sensors that have been proposed for the measurement of vascular and hemodynamic properties, 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 the HBSD may substantially reduce the risk of adverse events.…”

Current state of the art and future directions for implantable sensors in medical technology: Clinical needs and engineering challenges

“…In recent years, there have been significant advances in the development and fabrication of sensors, leading to a rise in publications, companies, and clinical trials that utilize these sensors. 1,2 The increasing interest and growth in this field are evident in the remarkable number of review papers. 3,4 A closer look at this trend reveals that different types of sensors have developed at different rates, with the implantable sensor market valued at almost 15 times the global wearable sensor market, which was valued at USD 327.68 million in 2021.…”

“…These sensors offer real-time data collection and monitoring, which can help detect the early onset of anomalies and complications. 1 In addition, these sensors can be integrated with other implantable or wearable devices, allowing for the delivery of treatment such as electrical pulses or drugs in a controlled, targeted manner. 21 However, implantable sensors, unlike wearable sensors, are invasive and require surgical insertion, which is considerably more expensive and entails possible risk of infection or rejection by the body, in addition to calling for specialized insertion, replacement, or removal training, thus making this approach beyond the reach of today's everyday practices.…”

“…They provide continuous, real-time monitoring of a patient's physiological parameters, which can help detect and treat health problems early before they become more severe. 1 Implanted sensors can reduce the need for frequent hospital visits and allow patients to live more independent lives.…”

“…The development of implanted sensors has been driven by the demand for more precise physiological recordings specific to the circumstances in the vicinity of a clinically relevant physiological event. 1 Ideally, these can even provide a real-time closed-loop intervention or therapy. Today, implantable sensors can provide accurate in vivo measurements of biophysical and bioelectrical parameters, as well as specific biomarkers such as ions (e.g., Na + , K + , and Ca 2+ ), neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine), hormones (e.g., melatonin and cortisol), and volatile organic compounds (e.g., acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and isoprene).…”