Intoxicação por sal em suínos: aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos e breve revisão de literatura

Abstract

Pesq. Vet. Bras. 33(7):890-900, julho 2013 890 RESUMO.-Intoxicação por sal ocorre comumente em suí-nos por ingestão excessiva de cloreto de sódio ou por privação de água por um período de tempo, seguido de um livre acesso a água abundante. O objetivo deste trabalho é agregar dados de casos de intoxicação por sal, diagnosticados, compilar dados já existentes na literatura e caracterizar as principais alterações clínicas e patológicas observadas. Salt poisoning occurs commonly in pigs by excessive intake of sodium chloride or by a period water deprivation for followed by free access to water. The objective of this work is to aggregate data from cases of salt poisoning, combining existing data in the literature and describe the main clinical and pathological features observed. We reviewed five outbreaks, one of which was carefully monitored. In three of them the intake of sodium chloride had been determined. Clinical signs were basically seizures with the lateral decubitus with paddling movements. Circling was observed in some cases. Sodium determination in muscle of and liver fragments, serum, cerebrospinal fluid and aqueous humor showed increased concentrations of this ion. There was eosinopenia characterizing increased recruitment eosinophils from the circulation into the brain. In all outbreaks eosinophil infiltration was observed in the meninges and the Virchow-Robin space of the cerebral cortex. Cortical laminar necrosis was more pronounced in the brain of pigs from one of the outbreaks in which animals were sick for six days. The combination of these two lesions characterizes the disease. The changes observed result from high concentrations of sodium in the brain causing cause edema that leads to increased intracranial pressure and decreased perfusion to the brain tissue causing diffuse ischemia and neuronal necrosis, with consequent malacia.

Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants from the semi-arid region of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

“…Severe macro and microscopic lesions in the two sheep and one goat of Outbreak 3 are consistent with changes of malacia and edema in deep structures of the encephalon described in ruminants with PEM associated to sulfur intoxication (LONERAGAN et al, 1998;CUNHA et al, 2010). Moreover, the lack of salt or mineral mixture supplementation associated with the absence of eosinophilic infiltrate in the CNS allows us to rule out the hypothesis of salt intoxication, since this lesion is considered pathognomonic of this toxicosis, especially in swine (CEBRA;CEBRA, 2004;BRUM et al, 2013). Thus, the production water being rich in sulfur (COPPOCK; CHRISTIAN, 2007) together with the pathological findings strongly suggests that these cases of PEM are caused by sulfur intoxication.…”

Diseases of the central nervous system in swine in Southern Brazil

“…The supply of alternative diets, such as waste or by-products of dairy factories, has gained attention within the swine industry, which is attributed to its nutritional value (Martins et al 2008). Salt poisoning exhibited a higher frequency in this study than that described by other authors (Brum et al 2013b), and exhibited an increase in the last four years of this study, which may be linked to the provision of alternative diets to the different stages of swine nutrition (Martins et al 2008). This disease appears to be closely linked to the management factors on farms, which may explain the absence of seasonal variation.…”

“…Toxic diseases are often associated with management errors in the production units (Brum et al 2013b, Gomes et al 2014. Salt poisoning is a common condition in pigs production and is related to numerous factors, including the interruption of water supply (Sobestiansky et al 2012b, Miller & Zachary 2017, and thus, poisoning occurs in the form of outbreaks (Boos et al 2012, Brum et al 2013b).…”

“…Toxic diseases are often associated with management errors in the production units (Brum et al 2013b, Gomes et al 2014. Salt poisoning is a common condition in pigs production and is related to numerous factors, including the interruption of water supply (Sobestiansky et al 2012b, Miller & Zachary 2017, and thus, poisoning occurs in the form of outbreaks (Boos et al 2012, Brum et al 2013b). The supply of alternative diets, such as waste or by-products of dairy factories, has gained attention within the swine industry, which is attributed to its nutritional value (Martins et al 2008).…”

“…Selenium poisoning was observed in 4.76% of cases. Other retrospective studies in pigs did not list this diagnosis (Brum et al 2013b, Coelho et al 2017. Selenium is an essential microelement, and thus, added to the feed formulations (Sobestiansky et al 2012b).…”