Intimate Partner Violence in Pakistan

Ali, Parveen; Naylor, Paul; Croot, Elizabeth; O’Cathain, Alicia

doi:10.1177/1524838014526065

Cited by 66 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…They are found to have higher rates of poor mental health outcomes such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation, as well as injuries and poor reproductive outcomes such as unplanned pregnancies, poor prenatal care, and pain in the abdomen and/or vagina (N. S. Ali, Ali, Khuwaja, & Nanji, 2014; P. A. Ali, Naylor, et al, 2014; Zakar et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women’s Perceptions and Experiences of Domestic Violence

Madhani

Professor

Patel

et al. 2016

J Interpers Violence

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This community-based observational study of 1,325 women seen for antenatal care examined how women in Pakistan define violence against women (VAW), with an emphasis on domestic violence, what an acceptable response to violence is, reasons for remaining silent, and whether participants are willing to disclose incidents of domestic violence to others. Nearly half of the study participants believed that physical violence was VAW. Verbal abuse, controlling behavior by the husband, conflict with in-laws, overburdening domestic work, and threatening to leave or remarry were also considered VAW. However, only five respondents (0.4%) considered sexual abuse to be VAW. Most women who screened positive for domestic violence responded by remaining silent or verbal fighting back. None sought professional help. Women who decided to remain silent feared that the abuse would escalate or that responding would not help them. Women cited social stigma and concerns about the impact of the violence on children as reasons for not disclosing violent incidents to others or seeking professional help. Women’s lack of autonomy further reduced their ability to take steps against violence. Although societal norms, particularly patriarchal beliefs and women’s subordination to men, likely explain women’s tolerance of abuse, their recognition of physical abuse as violence indicates that they do not necessarily believe it is always justified. Educational interventions to drive changes in the social norms around gender violence along with effective and enforceable legal measures are likely required to ensure women’s safety.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women’s Perceptions and Experiences of Domestic Violence

Madhani

Professor

Patel

et al. 2016

J Interpers Violence

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“…A recent, 2014, systematic review of spousal violence in Pakistan has shown that the lifetime prevalence of psychological violence ranges from 48% to 84% and the lifetime prevalence of physical violence ranges from 16% to 80% [25]. However, most of these small-scale studies are not generalizable, as they were conducted only in one city or in hospital settings and by using a convenience sample [25]. Our study is the first to estimate the prevalence of spousal, physical, and emotional violence at a national level from a nationally representative sample of adolescent and young women aged 15e24 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child Marriage and Its Associations With Controlling Behaviors and Spousal Violence Against Adolescent and Young Women in Pakistan

Nasrullah

Zakar

2014

Journal of Adolescent Health

111

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“…IPV is a major public health problem affecting millions of people globally (Ali, Naylor, Croot, & O'Cathain, 2014;Clark, Silverman, & Shahrouri, 2010). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 30% of women worldwide have experienced either physical or sexual IPV Stöckl et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such discrepancy may have resulted from variation in the aims and objectives of the study, definitions of IPV, sample selection procedure, the type of sample studied, data collection instrument and procedures (Ali et al, 2014). The review highlighted that the majority of studies were conducted in hospital environments, employed quantitative approaches (through survey questionnaires) using definitions of IPV from other countries and cultures assuming that the definition is understood by respondents and is aligned with their own definitions (Ali et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Not Managing Expectations: A Grounded Theory of Intimate Partner Violence From the Perspective of Pakistani People

Ali

O’Cathain

Croot

2016

J Interpers Violence

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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major social and public health problem affecting people from different cultures and societies. Much research has been undertaken to understand the phenomenon, its determinants, and its consequences in numerous countries. However, there is a paucity of research on IPV in many areas of the world including Pakistan. The present study aimed to develop a theory of the meaning and process of IPV from the perspective of Pakistani men and women living in an outside Pakistan.The study used a constructivist grounded theory approach. Using the community setting, data were collected from Karachi, Pakistan and the Pakistani diaspora in Sheffield, UK. Forty-one participants, including 20 from Pakistan and 21 from the UK participated in the study. Twenty six interviews were undertaken in Urdu and this required detailed attention to translation.From the perspectives of the interviewees, marital life in a Pakistani context is about managing expectations of not only each other as husband and wife, but also of their respective families. Several family members as well as the couple have expectations, which may be in conflict, thus making it difficult for a husband and wife to meet all expectations. The husband or wife may have to prioritize expectations, meeting some expectations and ignoring others. Interviewees described IPV as escalating from conflict between husband and wife over daily life issues and these unmet expectations. This led to the development of the theory that when a husband and wife do not manage each other expectation, it can lead to IPV. This has implications for policy aimed at reducing the occurrence of IPV in Pakistan or the Pakistani diaspora. Policies need to focus on helping couples to manage expectations, or recognize that the belief that not managing expectations is the cause of IPV is at play when developing other prevention strategies.

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Intimate Partner Violence in Pakistan

Cited by 66 publications

References 62 publications

Women’s Perceptions and Experiences of Domestic Violence

Women’s Perceptions and Experiences of Domestic Violence

Child Marriage and Its Associations With Controlling Behaviors and Spousal Violence Against Adolescent and Young Women in Pakistan

Not Managing Expectations: A Grounded Theory of Intimate Partner Violence From the Perspective of Pakistani People

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