Interventions for idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children

Efficacy and Safety of Mycophenolate Mofetil in Children with Steroid Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome

“…The difference in the number of relapse before and after treatment was 2.3 /year, which represents a significant reduction. However, because of nephroto- xicity, which is cyclosoprine's main side effect, it is not advi sa ble to administer the drug over the long term [13][14][15][16][17][18] . Since the first use of levamisole in 1980, several reports have revealed that the drug is effective in induction and a reduction in the relapse rate [19][20][21][22][23] .…”

Efficacy and Safety of Mycophenolate Mofetil in Children with Steroid Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome

“…The difference in the number of relapse before and after treatment was 2.3 /year, which represents a significant reduction. However, because of nephroto- xicity, which is cyclosoprine's main side effect, it is not advi sa ble to administer the drug over the long term [13][14][15][16][17][18] . Since the first use of levamisole in 1980, several reports have revealed that the drug is effective in induction and a reduction in the relapse rate [19][20][21][22][23] .…”

Hubungan Kadar Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 (TGF-β1) Urin dengan Proteinuria pada Anak Sindrom Nefrotik Resisten Steroid

“…Perbandingan rasio protein/kreatinin urin pada ketiga kelompok (SNSS, SNRS dan kontrol) dengan uji statistik yang sama, didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna Karakteristik sampel pada penelitian didapatkan rentang umur 1-14 tahun dengan umur rata-rata 6 sampai 7 tahun, pada jenis kelamin didapatkan rasio laki-laki dibandingkan perempuan 4:1 pada SNRS dan 2:1 pada SNSS. Hal ini sesuai dengan insiden sindrom nefrotik, dimana pada 251 anak berumur 3-15 tahun dengan SN, ditemukan 85% sindrom nefrotik idiopatik sedangkan 15% SN sekunder (16). Dengan perbandingan insiden didominasi laki-laki dengan rasio 2:1, rasio ini pada anak laki-laki akan menurun seiring dengan bertambahnya usia menjadi remaja dan dewasa.…”

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: cytotoxic therapy

“… Habashy et al 14 found insufficient evidence to comment on the possible effect of cytotoxic agents, although a marginal beneficial effect of oral cyclophosphamide could not be completely excluded. Latta et al 15 reviewed the effects of cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil in children with relapsing steroid–sensitive nephrotic syndrome, evaluating 38 studies comprising 1504 children and 1573 courses of cytotoxic drug therapy. They concluded that there was an overall increased rate of relapse‐free survival with increasing doses of either alkylating agent, particularly in children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome compared with steroid‐dependent patients.…”

“…Habashy et al 14 found insufficient evidence to comment on the possible effect of cytotoxic agents, although a marginal beneficial effect of oral cyclophosphamide could not be completely excluded.…”

Efficacy and Safety of Mycophenolate Mofetil in Children with Steroid Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome

“…The difference in the number of relapse before and after treatment was 2.3 /year, which represents a significant reduction. However, because of nephroto- xicity, which is cyclosoprine's main side effect, it is not advi sa ble to administer the drug over the long term [13][14][15][16][17][18] . Since the first use of levamisole in 1980, several reports have revealed that the drug is effective in induction and a reduction in the relapse rate [19][20][21][22][23] .…”

Hubungan Kadar Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 (TGF-β1) Urin dengan Proteinuria pada Anak Sindrom Nefrotik Resisten Steroid

“…Perbandingan rasio protein/kreatinin urin pada ketiga kelompok (SNSS, SNRS dan kontrol) dengan uji statistik yang sama, didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna Karakteristik sampel pada penelitian didapatkan rentang umur 1-14 tahun dengan umur rata-rata 6 sampai 7 tahun, pada jenis kelamin didapatkan rasio laki-laki dibandingkan perempuan 4:1 pada SNRS dan 2:1 pada SNSS. Hal ini sesuai dengan insiden sindrom nefrotik, dimana pada 251 anak berumur 3-15 tahun dengan SN, ditemukan 85% sindrom nefrotik idiopatik sedangkan 15% SN sekunder (16). Dengan perbandingan insiden didominasi laki-laki dengan rasio 2:1, rasio ini pada anak laki-laki akan menurun seiring dengan bertambahnya usia menjadi remaja dan dewasa.…”

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: cytotoxic therapy

“… Habashy et al 14 found insufficient evidence to comment on the possible effect of cytotoxic agents, although a marginal beneficial effect of oral cyclophosphamide could not be completely excluded. Latta et al 15 reviewed the effects of cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil in children with relapsing steroid–sensitive nephrotic syndrome, evaluating 38 studies comprising 1504 children and 1573 courses of cytotoxic drug therapy. They concluded that there was an overall increased rate of relapse‐free survival with increasing doses of either alkylating agent, particularly in children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome compared with steroid‐dependent patients.…”

“…Habashy et al 14 found insufficient evidence to comment on the possible effect of cytotoxic agents, although a marginal beneficial effect of oral cyclophosphamide could not be completely excluded.…”

Efficacy and Safety of Mycophenolate Mofetil in Children with Steroid Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome

“…The difference in the number of relapse before and after treatment was 2.3 /year, which represents a significant reduction. However, because of nephroto- xicity, which is cyclosoprine's main side effect, it is not advi sa ble to administer the drug over the long term [13][14][15][16][17][18] . Since the first use of levamisole in 1980, several reports have revealed that the drug is effective in induction and a reduction in the relapse rate [19][20][21][22][23] .…”

Hubungan Kadar Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 (TGF-β1) Urin dengan Proteinuria pada Anak Sindrom Nefrotik Resisten Steroid

“…Perbandingan rasio protein/kreatinin urin pada ketiga kelompok (SNSS, SNRS dan kontrol) dengan uji statistik yang sama, didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna Karakteristik sampel pada penelitian didapatkan rentang umur 1-14 tahun dengan umur rata-rata 6 sampai 7 tahun, pada jenis kelamin didapatkan rasio laki-laki dibandingkan perempuan 4:1 pada SNRS dan 2:1 pada SNSS. Hal ini sesuai dengan insiden sindrom nefrotik, dimana pada 251 anak berumur 3-15 tahun dengan SN, ditemukan 85% sindrom nefrotik idiopatik sedangkan 15% SN sekunder (16). Dengan perbandingan insiden didominasi laki-laki dengan rasio 2:1, rasio ini pada anak laki-laki akan menurun seiring dengan bertambahnya usia menjadi remaja dan dewasa.…”

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: cytotoxic therapy

“… Habashy et al 14 found insufficient evidence to comment on the possible effect of cytotoxic agents, although a marginal beneficial effect of oral cyclophosphamide could not be completely excluded. Latta et al 15 reviewed the effects of cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil in children with relapsing steroid–sensitive nephrotic syndrome, evaluating 38 studies comprising 1504 children and 1573 courses of cytotoxic drug therapy. They concluded that there was an overall increased rate of relapse‐free survival with increasing doses of either alkylating agent, particularly in children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome compared with steroid‐dependent patients.…”

“…Habashy et al 14 found insufficient evidence to comment on the possible effect of cytotoxic agents, although a marginal beneficial effect of oral cyclophosphamide could not be completely excluded.…”