Intersensory Redundancy Guides Early Perceptual and Cognitive Development

Bahrick, Lorraine E.; Lickliter, Robert

doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(02)80041-6

Cited by 137 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…It should be noted that the present study was not primarily intended as a rigorous test of competing theories (e.g., Bahrick & Lickliter, 2000, 2002Rescorla & Durlach, 1981). It is clear that there are more definitive tests of a perceptual configuration theory than postconditioning extinction of one of the nominal components of the compound.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextual fear conditioning differs for infant, adolescent, and adult rats

Esmoris-Arranz¹,

Méndez²,

Spear³

2008

Behavioural Processes

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Contextual fear conditioning was tested in infant, adolescent, and adult rats in terms of Pavlovian conditioned suppression. When a discrete auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) was paired with footshock (unconditioned stimulus, US) within the largely olfactory context, infants and adolescents conditioned to the context with substantial effectiveness but adult rats did not. When unpaired presentations of the CS and US occurred within the context, contextual fear conditioning was strong for adults, weak for infants, but about as strong for adolescents as when pairings of CS and US occurred in the context. Nonreinforced presentations of either the CS or context markedly reduced contextual fear conditioning in infants, but, in adolescents, CS extinction had no effect on contextual fear conditioning, although context extinction significantly reduced it. Neither CS extinction nor context extinction affected responding to the CS-context compound in infants, suggesting striking discrimination between the compound and its components. Female adolescents showed the same lack of effect of component extinction on response to the compound as infants, but CS extinction reduced responding to the compound in adolescent males, a sex difference seen also in adults. Theoretical implications are discussed for the development of perceptual-cognitive processing and hippocampus role. Keywordscontextual fear conditioning; fear extinction; learning; olfactory context; hippocampus; ontogeny Contextual fear conditioning has received a lot of attention from behavioral neuroscientists during the last decade (e.g., Anagnostaras, Gale, & Fanselow, 2001;Fanselow & Poulos, 2004;Phillips & LeDoux, 1992). The purpose of this report is to assess the effectiveness of contextual fear conditioning experiments by rats at each of three disparate periods of ontogeny: late infancy, adolescence and early adulthood. The ontogeny of contextual fear conditioning is of interest because --in relation to conditioning of other events within the context--it can Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. provide a window to the ontogeny of encoding and memory organization (e.g., Brasser & Spear, 2004;Lariviere, Chen, & Spear, 1990), and because it has been used as a marker for the development of brain function important for memory (e.g., Pugh & Rudy, 1996;Rudy & Morledge, 1994). NIH Public AccessSeveral experiments led to the conclusion that acquisition of an aversion to a particular context paired with footshock is less effective in rats during late infancy (postnatal days 17-20, P17-20) than in weaned juvenile ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextual fear conditioning differs for infant, adolescent, and adult rats

Esmoris-Arranz¹,

Méndez²,

Spear³

2008

Behavioural Processes

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“…Visual and tactile exploration provides infants with the opportunity to experience the same information in more than one modality, as well as to link information from one modality to another. There is evidence that multisensory experiences lead to the formation of multimodal object representations that are more rich and robust than unimodal representations (HerndanezReif & Bahrick, 2001;Bahrick & Lickliter, 2002;Bahrick, Flom, & Lickliter, 2004;Slater, Quinn, Brown, & Hayes, 1999).…”

Section: Other Examples Of Priming In Infantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color–function categories that prime infants to use color information in an object individuation task

Wilcox

Woods

Chapa

2008

Cognitive Psychology

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There is evidence for developmental hierarchies in the type of information to which infants attend when reasoning about objects. Investigators have questioned the origin of these hierarchies and how infants come to identify new sources of information when reasoning about objects. The goal of the present experiments was to shed light on this debate by identifying conditions under which infants' sensitivity to color information, which is slow to emerge, could be enhanced in an object individuation task. The outcome of Experiment 1 confirmed and extended previous reports that 9.5-month-olds can be primed, through exposure to events in which the color of an object predicts its function, to attend to color differences in a subsequent individuation task. The outcomes of Experiments 2 to 4 revealed age-related changes in the nature of the representations that support color priming. This is exemplified by three main findings. First, the representations that are formed during the colorfunction events are relatively specific. That is, infants are primed to use the color difference seen in the color-function events to individuate objects in the test events, but not other color differences. Second, 9.5-month-olds can be led to form more abstract event representations, and then generalize to other colors in the test events if they are shown multiple pairs of colors in the color-function events. Third, slightly younger 9-month-olds also can be led to form more inclusive categories with multiple color pairs, but only when they are allowed to directly compare the exemplars in each color pair during the present events. These results shed light on the development of categorization abilities, cognitive mechanisms that support color-function priming, and the kinds of experiences that can increase infants' sensitivity to color information.

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“…To date, research on speech segmentation has focused on the cues within the speech stream itself; however, even four-week-olds can direct their attention based on synchronization between sight and sound (Bahrick, 2001;Bahrick, Lickliter, & Flom, 2004). Dodd (1979) found that 10-to 16-week-olds will direct their attention to speech presented in synchrony with a dynamic video of that speaker's face compared to a video that is not synchronized (see also Lewkowicz, 1994;Pickens, Field, Nawrocki, Martinez, Soutullo, & Gonzalez, 1994).…”

Section: Segmentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining Techniques to Reveal Emergent Effects in Infants' Segmentation, Word Learning, and Grammar

Hollich

2006

Lang Speech

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This paper provides three representative examples that highlight the ways in which procedures can be combined to study interactions across traditional domains of study: segmentation, word learning, and grammar. The first section uses visual familiarization prior to the Headturn Preference Procedure to demonstrate that synchronized visual information aids in speech segmentation in noise. The second section uses audio familiarization prior to the Preferential Looking Procedure to demonstrate that speech perception aids in the learning of meaning. The third section uses visual familiarization prior to the Preferential Looking Procedure to demonstrate that attentional distractions inhibit grammatical understanding. Thus, what infants see affects what they hear. What infants hear affects the words they learn. What infants remember affects the sentences they understand.

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Intersensory Redundancy Guides Early Perceptual and Cognitive Development

Cited by 137 publications

References 82 publications

Contextual fear conditioning differs for infant, adolescent, and adult rats

Contextual fear conditioning differs for infant, adolescent, and adult rats

Color–function categories that prime infants to use color information in an object individuation task

Combining Techniques to Reveal Emergent Effects in Infants' Segmentation, Word Learning, and Grammar

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