“…Second, researchers have explored the deal-specific and competitive conditions that engender governance choices in alliance agreements, such as the decision to take a partial ownership stake in a partner (e.g., Pisano, 1989Pisano, , 1991Robinson and Stuart, 2007). Third, a number of studies have gauged the consequences of collaborative activity for firm-level performance outcomes, including the rate of innovation (Shan et al, 1994), growth (Powell et al, 1996), valuations of early stage companies (Stuart et al, 1999), and the adaptability of established organizations (Rothaermel, 2002).…”